Muḥammad ﷺ

Full Name and Lineage

Full name: "Abū Al-Qāsim" Muḥammad bin ʿAbdullah bin ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib ﷺ.

Full patrilineal lineage:

Muḥammad b. ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf b. Quṣayy b. Kilāb b. Murrah b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy b. Ghālib b. Fihr b. Mālik b. al-Naḍr b. Kinānah b. Khuzaymah b. Mudrikah b. Ilyās b. Muḍar b. Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān.^[1]

Titles and Epithets

*Note: The following is an unfinished section, majorly adapted from Baṣāʾir Dhawī al-Tamyīz. It will be adapted and expanded shortly.*

The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ is acknowledged by various titles and epithets, numbering over ---. The following list provides a selection of some of these appellations.

1. Prophet - ((یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلنَّبِیُّ)) _{[Sūrah al-Anfāl: Verse 64]}
2. Messenger - ((یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلرَّسُولُ)) _{[Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 41]}
3. Seal of the Prophets - ((وَخَاتَمَ ٱلنَّبِیِّـۧنَۗ)) _{[Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 40]}
4. Unlettered Prophet - ((ٱلنَّبِیَّ ٱلۡأُمِّیَّ)) _{[Sūrah al-Aʿrāf: Verse 157]}
5. Empathetic and Merciful - ((رَءُوفࣱ رَّحِیمࣱ)) _{[Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 143]}
6. Herald of glad tidings, Forewarner, Witness, Caller [to Allah] - _{((شَـٰهِدࣰا وَمُبَشِّرࣰا وَنَذِیرࣰا ۝ وَدَاعِیًا)) [Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 45]}
7. Illuminating Beacon of Light - ((وَسِرَاجࣰا مُّنِیرࣰا)) _{[Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 46]}
8. Bearer of good news - ((بَشِیرࣰا)) _{[Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 119]}
9. Warner and Guide - ((إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُنذِرࣱۖ وَلِكُلِّ قَوۡمٍ هَادٍ)) _{[Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 7]}
10. Companion - ((مَا ضَلَّ صَاحِبُكُمۡ)) _{[Sūrah al-Najm: Verse 2]}
11. Servant - ((أَسۡرَىٰ بِعَبۡدِهِۦ)) _{[Sūrah al-Isrāʾ: Verse 1]}
12. Noble - ((رَسُولࣲ كَرِیمࣲ)) _{[al-Ḥāqqah: Verse 40; the term “رَسُولࣱ كَرِیمٌ” also comes before in Sūrah al-Dukhān: Verse 17, but in the context of Mūsā (عليه السلام).]}
13. Closer [to the Believers] - ((ٱلنَّبِیُّ أَوۡلَىٰ بِٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِینَ مِنۡ أَنفُسِهِمۡۖ)) _{[Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 6]}
14. Mercy - ((وَمَاۤ أَرۡسَلۡنَـٰكَ إِلَّا رَحۡمَةࣰ لِّلۡعَـٰلَمِینَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Anbiyāʾ: Verse 107]}
15. Luminosity - ((قَدۡ جَاۤءَكُم مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ نُورࣱ)) _{[Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 15]}
16. Witness - ((عَلَىٰ هَـٰۤؤُلَاۤءِ شَهِیدࣰا)) _{[Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 41]}
17. Clear [warner] - ((إِنَّمَاۤ أَنَا۠ لَكُمۡ نَذِیرࣱ مُّبِینࣱ)) _{[Sūrah al-Ḥajj: Verse 49]}
18. Sent [Messenger] - ((وَإِنَّكَ لَمِنَ ٱلۡمُرۡسَلِینَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 252]}
19. Mantled - ((یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُدَّثِّرُ)) _{[Sūrah al-Muddaththir: Verse 1]}
20. Enshrouded - ((یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُزَّمِّلُ)) _{[Sūrah al-Muzzammil: Verse 1]}
21. Remembrancer - ((فَذَكِّرۡ إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُذَكِّرࣱ)) _{[Sūrah al-Ghāshiyah: Verse 21]}
22. Trustworthy - ((رَسُولٌ أَمِینࣱ)) _{[Sūrah al-Shuʿarāʾ: Verse 107, among other locations in the same sūrah]}
23. Reminder - ((قَدۡ أَنزَلَ ٱللَّهُ إِلَیۡكُمۡ ذِكۡرࣰا)) _{[Sūrah al-Ṭalāq: Verse 10]}
24. [One Who] Lends an Ear ((قُلۡ أُذُنُ)) _{[Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 61]}
25. Clear Proof - ((حَتَّىٰ تَأۡتِیَهُمُ ٱلۡبَیِّنَةُ)) _{[Sūrah al-Bayyinah: Verse 1]}
26. Guidance - ((فَإِمَّا یَأۡتِیَنَّكُم مِّنِّی هُدࣰى)) _{[Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 38]}
27. Truth - ((بَلۡ كَذَّبُوا۟ بِٱلۡحَقِّ لَمَّا جَاۤءَهُمۡ)) _{[Sūrah Qāf: Verse 5]}
28. Truthfulness - ((وَٱلَّذِی جَاۤءَ بِٱلصِّدۡقِ)) _{[Sūrah al-Zumar: Verse 33]}
29. Arbitrator - ((وَإِذَا دُعُوۤا۟ إِلَى ٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦ لِیَحۡكُمَ بَیۡنَهُمۡ)) _{[Sūrah al-Nūr: Verse 48]}
30. Judge - ((إِذَا قَضَى ٱللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُۥۤ)) _{[Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 36]}
31. Ṭāhā - ((طه ۝ مَاۤ أَنزَلۡنَا عَلَیۡكَ ٱلۡقُرۡءَانَ لِتَشۡقَىٰۤ)) _{[Sūrah Ṭāhā: Verse 1 and 2]}
32. Yā Sīn - ((یسۤ ۝ وَٱلۡقُرۡءَانِ ٱلۡحَكِیمِ)) _{[Sūrah Yā Sīn: Verse 1 and 2]}
33. Peace - ((سُبُلَ ٱلسَّلَـٰمِ)) _{[Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 16]}
34. Knower - ((فَٱعۡلَمۡ أَنَّهُۥ لَاۤ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّهُ)) _{[Sūrah Muḥammad: Verse 19]}
35. Undeviating (mustaqīm) - ((فَٱسۡتَقِمۡ كَمَاۤ أُمِرۡتَ)) _{[Sūrah Hūd: Verse 112]}
36. Submitter - ((وَأُمِرۡتُ أَنۡ أَكُونَ مِنَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ)) _{[Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 72]}
37. Thankful - ((أَلَیۡسَ ٱللَّهُ بِأَعۡلَمَ بِٱلشَّـٰكِرِینَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Anʿām: Verse 53]}
38. Chosen One (muṣṭafā, mujtabā, mukhtār)
  1. ((ٱصۡطَفَیۡنَا مِنۡ عِبَادِنَاۖ)) _{[Sūrah al-Fāṭir: Verse 32]}
  2. ((وَٱجۡتَبَیۡنَـٰهُمۡ)) _{[Sūrah al-Anʿām: Verse 87]}
  3. ((وَرَبُّكَ یَخۡلُقُ مَا یَشَاۤءُ وَیَخۡتَارُۗ)) _{[Sūrah al-Qaṣaṣ: Verse 68]}
39. Seed/Sprout - ((كَزَرۡعٍ أَخۡرَجَ شَطۡـَٔهُۥ)) _{[Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 29]}
40. Blessing - ((وَٱذۡكُرُوا۟ نِعۡمَةَ ٱللَّهِ عَلَیۡكُمۡ)) _{[Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 7]}
41. Guiding Mentor - ((وَلِیࣰّا مُّرۡشِدࣰا)) _{[Sūrah al-Kahf: Verse 17]}
42. Radiant (Happy) - ((وَأَمَّا ٱلَّذِینَ سُعِدُوا۟)) _{[Sūrah Hūd: Verse 108]}
43. Beloved - ((فَٱتَّبِعُونِی یُحۡبِبۡكُمُ ٱللَّهُ)) _{[Sūrah Āl ʿImrān: Verse 31]}
44. Cleansed - ((وَیُطَهِّرَكُمۡ تَطۡهِیرࣰا)) _{[Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 33]}
45. Pure - ((وَٱلطَّیِّبَـٰتُ لِلطَّیِّبِینَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Nūr: Verse 26]}
46. Intercessor - ((وَلَا تَنفَعُ ٱلشَّفَـٰعَةُ عِندَهُۥۤ إِلَّا لِمَنۡ أَذِنَ لَهُۥۚ)) _{[Sūrah al-Sabaʾ: Verse 23]}
47. Blessed - ((رَحۡمَتُ ٱللَّهِ وَبَرَكَـٰتُهُۥ عَلَیۡكُمۡ أَهۡلَ ٱلۡبَیۡتِۚ)) _{[Sūrah Hūd: Verse 73]}
48. Confirmation - ((مُصَدِّقࣰا لِّمَا بَیۡنَ یَدَیۡهِ)) _{[Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 48]}
49. Souls - ((لَقَدۡ جَاۤءَكُمۡ رَسُولࣱ مِّنۡ أَنفُسِكُمۡ)) _{[Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 128]}
50. Apodictic Proof - ((قَدۡ جَاۤءَكُم بُرۡهَـٰنࣱ)) _{[Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 174]}
51. The People - ((أَمۡ یَحۡسُدُونَ ٱلنَّاسَ عَلَىٰ مَاۤ ءَاتَىٰهُمُ ٱللَّهُ)) _{[Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 54]}
52. Reciter - ((یَتۡلُوا۟ عَلَیۡكُمۡ ءَایَـٰتِ ٱللَّهِ)) _{[Sūrah al-Ṭalāq: Verse 11]}
53. Extractor [from Darkness] - ((وَیُخۡرِجُهُم مِّنَ ٱلظُّلُمَـٰتِ إِلَى ٱلنُّورِ)) _{[Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 16]}
54. Man (rajul) - ((أَوۡحَیۡنَاۤ إِلَىٰ رَجُلࣲ مِّنۡهُمۡ)) _{[Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 2]}
55. Of Sure Footing - ((أَنَّ لَهُمۡ قَدَمَ صِدۡقٍ)) _{[Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 2]}
56. Praiser and Praiseworthy (ḥamīd/maḥmūd) - ((حم)) _{[Sūrah al-Ghāfir, al-Sajdah, al-Shūrā, al-Zukhruf, al-Dukhān, al-Jāthiyah, and al-Aḥqāf]}
57. Mighty, Leader, Powerful (ʿazīz/sayyid/qādir) - ((عسق)) _{[Sūrah al-Shūrā: Verse 2]}
58. A Reminder - ((وَإِنَّهُۥ لَتَذۡكِرَةࣱ لِّلۡمُتَّقِینَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Ḥāqqah: Verse 48]}
59. Sent [to Mankind] - ((هُوَ ٱلَّذِی بَعَثَ فِی ٱلۡأُمِّیِّـۧنَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Jumuʿah: Verse 2]}
60. Protected - ((وَٱللَّهُ یَعۡصِمُكَ مِنَ ٱلنَّاسِۗ)) _{[Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 67]}
61. Divinely Assisted - ((هُوَ ٱلَّذِیۤ أَیَّدَكَ بِنَصۡرِهِۦ وَبِٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِینَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Anfāl: Verse 62]}
62. Victorious - ((وَیَنصُرَكَ ٱللَّهُ)) _{[Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 3]}
63. Forgiven - ((لِّیَغۡفِرَ لَكَ ٱللَّهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِن ذَنۢبِكَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 2]}
64. Triumphant - ((هُمُ ٱلۡغَـٰلِبُونَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 56]}
65. Pardoned - ((عَفَا ٱللَّهُ عَنكَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 43]}
66. Herald - ((نَبِّئۡ عِبَادِیۤ)) _{[Sūrah al-Ḥijr: Verse 49]}
67. Contented - ((لَعَلَّكَ تَرۡضَىٰ)) _{[Sūrah Ṭāhā: Verse 130]}
68. Exalter - ((فَسَبِّحۡ بِٱسۡمِ رَبِّكَ ٱلۡعَظِیمِ)) _{[Sūrah al-Wāqiʿah: Verse 74]}
69. Prostrative - ((وَكُن مِّنَ ٱلسَّـٰجِدِینَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Ḥijr: Verse 98]}
70. Worshiper - ((وَٱعۡبُدۡ رَبَّكَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Ḥijr: Verse 99]}
71. Follower [of Guidance] - ((فَبِهُدَىٰهُمُ ٱقۡتَدِهۡۗ)) _{[Sūrah al-Anʿām: Verse 90]}
72. Guarded - ((یَحۡفَظُونَهُۥ مِنۡ أَمۡرِ ٱللَّهِۗ)) _{[Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 11]}
73. Harbinger - ((سَمِعۡنَا مُنَادِیࣰا یُنَادِی لِلۡإِیمَـٰنِ)) _{[Sūrah Āl ʿImrān: Verse 193]}
74. Crusader - ((جَـٰهِدِ ٱلۡكُفَّارَ وَٱلۡمُنَـٰفِقِینَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 73; the phrase is also present in Sūrah al-Taḥrīm: Verse 9]}
75. Seeker of Forgiveness - ((وَٱسۡتَغۡفِرۡ لِذَنۢبِكَ)) _{[Sūrah Muḥammad: Verse 19]}
76. Prayerful - ((فَصَلِّ لِرَبِّكَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Kawthar: Verse 108]}
77. Commanding and Forbidding (āmir/nāh) - ((وَمَاۤ ءَاتَىٰكُمُ ٱلرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَمَا نَهَىٰكُمۡ عَنۡهُ فَٱنتَهُوا۟ۚ)) _{[Sūrah al-Ḥashr: Verse 7]}
78. Prayer of Vigil (mutahajjid) - ((وَمِنَ ٱلَّیۡلِ فَتَهَجَّدۡ)) _{[Sūrah al-Isrāʾ: Verse 79]}
79. Guide (muhtadī) - ((وَإِنِ ٱهۡتَدَیۡتُ)) _{[Sūrah al-Sabaʾ: Verse 50]}
80. Trustful (mutawakkil) - ((وَتَوَكَّلۡ عَلَى ٱلۡحَیِّ ٱلَّذِی لَا یَمُوتُ)) _{[Sūrah al-Furqān: Verse 58]}
81. The Assembler, The Final, The Eradicator of Disbelief - _{Based on a ḥadīth: “I am I am the Eradicator - the one through whom Allah eradicates disbelief. I am the Assembler - the one who around my feet the people shall assemble. And I am the Final - the one after whom there is no one [else as a prophet]...”}
82. The First (Awwal) - ((وَأُمِرۡتُ لِأَنۡ أَكُونَ أَوَّلَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ)) _{[Sūrah al-Zumar: Verse 12]}
83. Aḥmad - ((یَأۡتِی مِنۢ بَعۡدِی ٱسۡمُهُۥۤ أَحۡمَدُ)) [Sūrah al-Ṣaff: Verse 6] Muḥammad - ((مُّحَمَّدࣱ رَّسُولُ ٱللَّهِۚ)) _{[Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 29]}

Early Life

Birth

Muḥaddithūn and Islamic historians unanimously agree that the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ was born in the Year of the Elephant, approximately fifty days after its eponymous incident.^[2] Most sources from both groups concur that the Prophet Muḥammad's ﷺ birth occurred in the month of Rabīʿ al-Awwal, the third month of the Islamic lunar calendar, specifically on either the 8th or 12th day (April of 570 CE),^[3]^[4]^[5] within the household of Abū Ṭālib in Makkah.

Upbringing

He was suckled by his mother Āminah for a few days, then he was suckled by Thuwaybah ﵂. Then he was suckled by Ḥalīmah.

↑ Kāndhalwī, Muḥammad Idrīs. Seeratul Mustafa (Abridged). Translated by Muhammad Kadwa and Mahomed Mahomedy. 2nd ed. Isipingo Beach, South Africa: Jamiatul Ulama (KZN), 2015. Page 1. For a longer, more detailed lineage, see here.
↑ Zarqānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī: ʿalā al-Mawāhib al-Ladunniyyah Bi al-Minaḥ al-Muḥammadiyyah Li al-ʿAllāmah al-Qasṭalānī. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah (DKI), 2012. Pages 243-244.
↑ Qasṭalānī says the 8th is the more likely birthdate. He attributes this opinion to most muḥaddithūn and historians 'who are knowledgeable in the field,' as well as Ibn ʿAbbās and Jubayr b. Muṭʿim. Zarqānī, Muḥammad. Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī. Pages 246-247.
↑ Ibn Kathīr says the 12th is the more accurate opinion. He cites a ḥadīth in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim to support his viewpoint in this regard, narrated by Ibn ʿAbbās. Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih. PDF. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Arnāʾūṭ, n.d. Pages 134-135
↑ For the academic discussion on Rasūl-Allāh's ﷺ date of birth, see here.

[1] Kāndhalwī, Muḥammad Idrīs. Seeratul Mustafa (Abridged). Translated by Muhammad Kadwa and Mahomed Mahomedy. 2nd ed. Isipingo Beach, South Africa: Jamiatul Ulama (KZN), 2015. Page 1. For a longer, more detailed lineage, see here.

[2] Zarqānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī: ʿalā al-Mawāhib al-Ladunniyyah Bi al-Minaḥ al-Muḥammadiyyah Li al-ʿAllāmah al-Qasṭalānī. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah (DKI), 2012. Pages 243-244.

[3] Qasṭalānī says the 8th is the more likely birthdate. He attributes this opinion to most muḥaddithūn and historians 'who are knowledgeable in the field,' as well as Ibn ʿAbbās and Jubayr b. Muṭʿim. Zarqānī, Muḥammad. Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī. Pages 246-247.

[4] Ibn Kathīr says the 12th is the more accurate opinion. He cites a ḥadīth in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim to support his viewpoint in this regard, narrated by Ibn ʿAbbās. Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih. PDF. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Arnāʾūṭ, n.d. Pages 134-135

[5] For the academic discussion on Rasūl-Allāh's ﷺ date of birth, see here.

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