Muḥammad ﷺ: Difference between revisions

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=== Birth ===
=== Birth ===
{{Main/en|Incidents around the birth of the Prophet}}
{{Main/en|Incidents around the birth of the Prophet}}
Muḥaddithūn and Islamic historians unanimously agree that the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ was born in the Year of the Elephant, approximately fifty days after [[The Incident of the Army of Elephants|its eponymous incident]].<ref>Zarqānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Bāqī. ''Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī: ʿalā al-Mawāhib al-Ladunniyyah Bi al-Minaḥ al-Muḥammadiyyah Li al-ʿAllāmah al-Qasṭalānī''. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah (DKI), 2012. Pages 243-244.</ref> Most sources from both groups concur that the Prophet Muḥammad's ﷺ birth occurred in the month of Rabīʿ al-Awwal, the third month of the [[Islamic Calendar|Islamic lunar calendar]], specifically on either the 8th or 12th day (April of 570 CE),<ref>Qasṭallānī says the 8th is the more likely birthdate. He attributes this opinion to most muḥaddithūn and historians 'who are knowledgeable in the field,' as well as Ibn ʿAbbās and Jubayr b. Muṭʿim.
Muḥaddithūn and Islamic historians unanimously agree that the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ was born in the Year of the Elephant, approximately fifty days after [[The Incident of the Army of Elephants|its eponymous incident]].<ref>Zarqānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Bāqī. ''Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī: ʿalā al-Mawāhib al-Ladunniyyah Bi al-Minaḥ al-Muḥammadiyyah Li al-ʿAllāmah al-Qasṭalānī''. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah (DKI), 2012. Pages 243-244.</ref> Most sources from both groups concur that the Prophet Muḥammad's ﷺ birth occurred in the month of Rabīʿ al-Awwal, the third month of the [[Islamic Calendar|Islamic lunar calendar]], on either the 8th or 12th day (April of 570 CE).<ref>Qasṭallānī says the 8th is the more likely birthdate. He attributes this opinion to most muḥaddithūn and historians 'who are knowledgeable in the field,' as well as Ibn ʿAbbās and Jubayr b. Muṭʿim.


Zarqānī, Muḥammad. ''Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī.'' Pages 246-247.</ref><ref>Ibn Kathīr says the 12th is the more accurate opinion. He cites a ḥadīth in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim to support his viewpoint in this regard, narrated by Ibn ʿAbbās.
Zarqānī, Muḥammad. ''Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī.'' Pages 246-247.</ref><ref>Ibn Kathīr says the 12th is the more accurate opinion. He cites a ḥadīth in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim to support his viewpoint in this regard, narrated by Ibn ʿAbbās.


Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. ''Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih''. PDF. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Arnāʾūṭ, n.d. Pages 134-135</ref><ref>For the academic discussion on Rasūl-Allāh's ﷺ date of birth, see [[Muḥammad's ﷺ Date of Birth|here]].</ref> within the household of [[Abū Ṭālib]] in [[Makkah]]. 
Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. ''Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih''. PDF. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Arnāʾūṭ, n.d. Pages 134-135</ref><ref>For the academic discussion on Rasūl-Allāh's ﷺ date of birth, see [[Muḥammad's ﷺ Date of Birth|here]].</ref>  


The Prophet ﷺ was born to ʿAbd-Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and [[Āminah b. Wahb|Āminah]] b. [[Wahb b. ʿAbd Manāf|Wahb]]. His father, ʿAbd-Allāh, passed away a few months before his blessed birth,<ref>Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. ''Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih''. Page 139.</ref> and his mother passed away when he was six years old. For most of these first six years, the Prophet ﷺ lived under the care of [[Ḥalīmah al-Saʿdiyyah]], his [[Foster Mothers of the Prophet ﷺ|foster mother]], amidst the [[Banū Saʿd]].<ref>Al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman. ''The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet ﷺ''. First Edition. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996. Page 59.</ref>   
The Prophet ﷺ was born to ʿAbd-Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and [[Āminah b. Wahb|Āminah]] b. [[Wahb b. ʿAbd Manāf|Wahb]]. His father, ʿAbd-Allāh, passed away a few months before his blessed birth,<ref>Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. ''Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih''. Page 139.</ref> and his mother passed away when he was six years old.<ref>Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl B. Kathīr. ''Al-Bidāyah Wa al-Nihāyah''. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād and Shuʿayb al-Arnāʾūt. Vol. 2. Qatar: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2010. Page 63.</ref> For most of these first six years, the Prophet ﷺ lived under the care of [[Ḥalīmah al-Saʿdiyyah]], his [[Foster Mothers of the Prophet ﷺ|foster mother]], amidst the [[Banū Saʿd]].<ref>Al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman. ''The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet ﷺ''. First Edition. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996. Page 59.</ref>   


At around four years of age, the Prophet ﷺ was visited by the [[Malāʾikah (Angels)|angel]] [[Jibrīl ﵇]], who wrestled him to the ground, [[The Splitting of the Chest|split his chest]], and removed a black sliver or string from his heart. Thereafter, the archangel washed his heart with [[Zamzam]], placed it back in his chest cavity, and then resealed his chest.<ref>Qushayrī, Muslim b. Al-Ḥajjāj. ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim''. ''Kitāb al-Īmān''. Page 87. Ḥadīth 261.</ref>   
At around four years of age, the Prophet ﷺ was visited by the [[Malāʾikah (Angels)|angel]] [[Jibrīl ﵇]] (Gabriel), who wrestled him to the ground, [[The Splitting of the Chest|split his chest]], and removed a black sliver from his heart. Thereafter, the archangel washed his heart with [[Zamzam]], placed it back in his chest cavity, and then resealed his chest.<ref>Qushayrī, Muslim b. Al-Ḥajjāj. ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim''. ''Kitāb al-Īmān''. Page 87. Ḥadīth 261.</ref>
 
The entire paranormal event frightened Ḥalīmah, who returned the Prophet ﷺ to Āminah. Āminah would thereafter care for the Prophet ﷺ until her passing, either in [[Abwāʾ]], a place on the road in between [[Makkah]] and [[Madīnah]], or in Makkah. The Prophet ﷺ was now, effectively, an orphan. 
 
After his mother's passing, the Prophet ﷺ was embraced by his grandfather, ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, who he remained with until eight years of age, when ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib passed away. 
 
After his grandfather's passing, the Prophet ﷺ was adopted by his paternal uncle, [[Abū Ṭālib b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib|Abū Ṭālib]], who would care for him until he ﷺ was 50 years old.  


=== Upbringing ===
=== Upbringing ===
{{Main/en|Childhood of the Prophet}}
{{Main/en|Childhood of the Prophet}}
He was suckled by his mother [[Āminah bint Wahab|Āminah]] for a few days, then he was suckled by [[Thuwaybah]] ﵂. Then he was suckled by [[Ḥalīmah]].
He was suckled by his mother [[Āminah bint Wahab|Āminah]] for a few days, then he was suckled by [[Thuwaybah]] ﵂. Then he was suckled by [[Ḥalīmah]].

Revision as of 20:22, 20 January 2024

Full Name and Lineage

Full name: "Abū Al-Qāsim" Muḥammad bin ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib ﷺ.

Full patrilineal lineage:

Muḥammad b. ʿAbd-Allah b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf b. Quṣayy b. Kilāb b. Murrah b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy b. Ghālib b. Fihr b. Mālik b. al-Naḍr b. Kinānah b. Khuzaymah b. Mudrikah b. Ilyās b. Muḍar b. Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān.[1]

Titles and Epithets

The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ is acknowledged by various titles and epithets. The following list provides a selection of some of these appellations.

  1. Muḥammad[2]
  2. Aḥmad[3]
  3. Nabī (Prophet)[4]
  4. Rasūl (Messenger)[5]
  5. Khātam al-Nabiyyīn (Seal of the Prophets)[6]
  6. al-Nabiyy al-Ummī (The Unlettered Prophet)[7]
  7. Shāhid, Mubashshir, Nadhīr (Witness, Herald of glad tidings, and Forewarner)[8]
  8. Shahīd (Witness; Testimony)[9]
  9. Bashīr (Bearer of good news)[10]
  10. Mundhir (Warner)[11]
  11. Hād (Guide)[12]
  12. Dāʿī ilā Allāh (Caller to Allah)[13]
  13. Sirāj Munīr (Illuminating Beacon)[14]
  14. ʿAbd (Servant)[15]
  15. Ṣāḥib (Friend; Companion)[16]
  16. Raḥmah li al-ʿĀlamīn (Mercy for the Worlds)[17]
  17. Muddaththir (Mantled)[18]
  18. Muzzammil (Enshrouded; Swathed in cloth)[19]
  19. Raʾūf & Raḥīm (Empathetic; Compassionate and Merciful)[20]
  20. Karīm (Noble)[21]
  21. Mudhakkir (Remembrancer)[22]
  22. Munādī (Harbinger)[23]
  23. Muslim (Submitter)[24]
  24. Sājid (One who prostrates)[25]
  25. Mujāhid (Crusader)[26]
  26. Mustaghfir (Seeker of Forgiveness)[27]
  27. ʿAbd-Allāh[28]
  28. Awwal (The First)[29]
  29. Bayyinah (Clear Proof)[30]
  30. Burhān (Apodictic Proof)[31]
  31. Rajul (Man)[32]
  32. Ṭāhā[33]
  33. Yā Sīn[34]
  34. Ḥamīd/Maḥmūd (Praiser and Praiseworthy)[35][36]
  35. ʿAzīz/Sayyid/Qādir (Mighty, Leader, Powerful)[37][38]
  36. al-Māḥī (The Effacer; Eradicator of Disbelief)[39]
  37. al-Ḥāshir (The Assembler)[40]
  38. al-ʿĀqib (The Final Prophet)[41]
  39. al-Muqaffā (Leader; Preeminently Followed)[42]
  40. Nabī al-Tawbah (The Prophet of Repentance)[43]
  41. Nabī al-Raḥmah (The Prophet of Mercy)[44]
  42. Nabī al-Malḥamah (The Prophet of the Battlefront)[45]
  43. Mutawakkil (The Trustful Prophet)[46]

Early Life

Birth

Main page: Incidents around the birth of the Prophet

Muḥaddithūn and Islamic historians unanimously agree that the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ was born in the Year of the Elephant, approximately fifty days after its eponymous incident.[47] Most sources from both groups concur that the Prophet Muḥammad's ﷺ birth occurred in the month of Rabīʿ al-Awwal, the third month of the Islamic lunar calendar, on either the 8th or 12th day (April of 570 CE).[48][49][50]

The Prophet ﷺ was born to ʿAbd-Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and Āminah b. Wahb. His father, ʿAbd-Allāh, passed away a few months before his blessed birth,[51] and his mother passed away when he was six years old.[52] For most of these first six years, the Prophet ﷺ lived under the care of Ḥalīmah al-Saʿdiyyah, his foster mother, amidst the Banū Saʿd.[53]

At around four years of age, the Prophet ﷺ was visited by the angel Jibrīl ﵇ (Gabriel), who wrestled him to the ground, split his chest, and removed a black sliver from his heart. Thereafter, the archangel washed his heart with Zamzam, placed it back in his chest cavity, and then resealed his chest.[54]

The entire paranormal event frightened Ḥalīmah, who returned the Prophet ﷺ to Āminah. Āminah would thereafter care for the Prophet ﷺ until her passing, either in Abwāʾ, a place on the road in between Makkah and Madīnah, or in Makkah. The Prophet ﷺ was now, effectively, an orphan.

After his mother's passing, the Prophet ﷺ was embraced by his grandfather, ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, who he remained with until eight years of age, when ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib passed away.

After his grandfather's passing, the Prophet ﷺ was adopted by his paternal uncle, Abū Ṭālib, who would care for him until he ﷺ was 50 years old.

Upbringing

Main page: Childhood of the Prophet

He was suckled by his mother Āminah for a few days, then he was suckled by Thuwaybah ﵂. Then he was suckled by Ḥalīmah.

  1. ↑ Kāndhalwī, Muḥammad Idrīs. Seeratul Mustafa (Abridged). Translated by Muhammad Kadwa and Mahomed Mahomedy. 2nd ed. Isipingo Beach, South Africa: Jamiatul Ulama (KZN), 2015. Page 1. For a longer, more detailed lineage, see here.
  2. ↑ (مُّحَمَّدࣱ رَّسُولُ ٱللَّهِۚ) - Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 29
  3. ↑ (وَمُبَشِّرَۢا بِرَسُولࣲ یَأۡتِی مِنۢ بَعۡدِی ٱسۡمُهُۥۤ أَحۡمَدُۖ) - Sūrah al-Ṣaff: Verse 6
  4. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلنَّبِیُّ) - Sūrah al-Anfāl, Verse 64, among other locations
  5. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلرَّسُولُ) - Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 41
  6. ↑ (وَخَاتَمَ ٱلنَّبِیِّـۧنَۗ) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 40
  7. ↑ (ٱلنَّبِیَّ ٱلۡأُمِّیَّ) - Sūrah al-Aʿrāf: Verse 157
  8. ↑ (شَـٰهِدࣰا وَمُبَشِّرࣰا وَنَذِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 45
  9. ↑ (عَلَىٰ هَـٰۤؤُلَاۤءِ شَهِیدࣰا) - Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 41
  10. ↑ (بَشِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 119
  11. ↑ (إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُنذِرࣱۖ) - Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 7
  12. ↑ (وَلِكُلِّ قَوۡمٍ هَادٍ) - Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 7
  13. ↑ (وَدَاعِیًا إِلَى ٱللَّهِ) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 46
  14. ↑ (وَسِرَاجࣰا مُّنِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 46
  15. ↑ (وَإِن كُنتُمۡ فِی رَیۡبࣲ مِّمَّا نَزَّلۡنَا عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِنَا) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 23 (وَمَاۤ أَنزَلۡنَا عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِنَا) - Sūrah al-Anfāl: Verse 41 (أَسۡرَىٰ بِعَبۡدِهِۦ) - Sūrah al-Isrāʾ: Verse 1 (ٱلۡحَمۡدُ لِلَّهِ ٱلَّذِیۤ أَنزَلَ عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِهِ) - Sūrah al-Kahf: Verse 1
  16. ↑ (مَا ضَلَّ صَاحِبُكُمۡ) - Sūrah al-Najm: Verse 2
  17. ↑ (وَمَاۤ أَرۡسَلۡنَـٰكَ إِلَّا رَحۡمَةࣰ لِّلۡعَـٰلَمِینَ) - Sūrah al-Anbiyāʾ: Verse 107
  18. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُدَّثِّرُ) - Sūrah al-Muddaththir: Verse 1
  19. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُزَّمِّلُ) - Sūrah al-Muzzammil: Verse 1
  20. ↑ (رَءُوفࣱ رَّحِیمࣱ) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 143
  21. ↑ (رَسُولࣲ كَرِیمࣲ) - al-Ḥāqqah: Verse 40. The term “رَسُولࣱ كَرِیمٌ” also appears in Sūrah al-Dukhān: Verse 17, but in the context of Mūsā (عليه السلام).
  22. ↑ (فَذَكِّرۡ إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُذَكِّرࣱ) - Sūrah al-Ghāshiyah: Verse 21
  23. ↑ (رَّبَّنَاۤ إِنَّنَا سَمِعۡنَا مُنَادِیࣰا یُنَادِی لِلۡإِیمَـٰنِ) - Sūrah Āl ʿImrān: Verse 193
  24. ↑ (وَأُمِرۡتُ أَنۡ أَكُونَ مِنَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ) - Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 72
  25. ↑ (وَكُن مِّنَ ٱلسَّـٰجِدِینَ) - Sūrah al-Ḥijr: Verse 98
  26. ↑ (جَـٰهِدِ ٱلۡكُفَّارَ وَٱلۡمُنَـٰفِقِینَ) - Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 73; Sūrah al-Taḥrīm: Verse 9
  27. ↑ (وَٱسۡتَغۡفِرۡ لِذَنۢبِكَ) - Sūrah Muḥammad: Verse 19
  28. ↑ (وَأَنَّهُۥ لَمَّا قَامَ عَبۡدُ ٱللَّهِ یَدۡعُوهُ كَادُوا۟ یَكُونُونَ عَلَیۡهِ لِبَدࣰا) - Sūrah al-Jinn: Verse 19
  29. ↑ (وَأُمِرۡتُ لِأَنۡ أَكُونَ أَوَّلَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ) - Sūrah al-Zumar: Verse 12
  30. ↑ (حَتَّىٰ تَأۡتِیَهُمُ ٱلۡبَیِّنَةُ) - Sūrah al-Bayyinah: Verse 1
  31. ↑ (قَدۡ جَاۤءَكُم بُرۡهَـٰنࣱ) - Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 174
  32. ↑ (أَوۡحَیۡنَاۤ إِلَىٰ رَجُلࣲ مِّنۡهُمۡ) - Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 2
  33. ↑ (طه) - Sūrah Ṭāhā: Verse 1
  34. ↑ (یسۤ) - Sūrah Yā Sīn: Verse 1
  35. ↑ (حم) - Sūrah al-Ghāfir, al-Sajdah, al-Shūrā, al-Zukhruf, al-Dukhān, al-Jāthiyah, and al-Aḥqāf
  36. ↑ While such verses are arcane, known only to Allah and those who He inspires with such knowledge, some scholars have offered explanations for what these verses may denote. According to Fayrūzabādī in his Baṣāʾir Dhawī al-Tamyīz (Illuminations of the Insightful), the verse "حمۤ" is an abbreviation for two names of Rasūl-Allāh ﷺ. See: Fayrūzabādī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb. Baṣāʾir Dhawī Al-Tamyīz. Vol. 6. Cairo, Egypt: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1973. Page 13.
  37. ↑ (عسق) - [Sūrah al-Shūrā: Verse 2]
  38. ↑ See: Fayrūzabādī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb. Baṣāʾir Dhawī Al-Tamyīz. Vol. 6. Cairo, Egypt: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1973. Page 13.
  39. ↑ Qushayrī, Muslim b. Al-Ḥajjāj. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Edited by Nazr b. Muḥammad Fāriyābī. Cairo, Egypt: Dār Ṭībah, 2006. Kitāb al-Faḍāʾil. Page 1105. Ḥadīth 2354.
  40. ↑ Ibid.
  41. ↑ Ibid.
  42. ↑ Ibid. Page 1106. Ḥadīth 2355.
  43. ↑ Ibid.
  44. ↑ Ibid.
  45. ↑ Bustī, Muḥammad b. Ḥibbān. Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān: al-Musnad al-Ṣaḥīḥ ʿalā al-Taqāsīm Wa al-Anwāʿ. 1st ed. Vol. 7. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012. Page 777. Ḥadīth 7434.
  46. ↑ Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Damascus, Syria: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2002. Page 274. Ḥadīth 1130.
  47. ↑ Zarqānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī: ʿalā al-Mawāhib al-Ladunniyyah Bi al-Minaḥ al-Muḥammadiyyah Li al-ʿAllāmah al-Qasṭalānī. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah (DKI), 2012. Pages 243-244.
  48. ↑ Qasṭallānī says the 8th is the more likely birthdate. He attributes this opinion to most muḥaddithūn and historians 'who are knowledgeable in the field,' as well as Ibn ʿAbbās and Jubayr b. Muṭʿim. Zarqānī, Muḥammad. Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī. Pages 246-247.
  49. ↑ Ibn Kathīr says the 12th is the more accurate opinion. He cites a ḥadīth in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim to support his viewpoint in this regard, narrated by Ibn ʿAbbās. Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih. PDF. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Arnāʾūṭ, n.d. Pages 134-135
  50. ↑ For the academic discussion on Rasūl-Allāh's ﷺ date of birth, see here.
  51. ↑ Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih. Page 139.
  52. ↑ Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl B. Kathīr. Al-Bidāyah Wa al-Nihāyah. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād and Shuʿayb al-Arnāʾūt. Vol. 2. Qatar: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2010. Page 63.
  53. ↑ Al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman. The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet ﷺ. First Edition. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996. Page 59.
  54. ↑ Qushayrī, Muslim b. Al-Ḥajjāj. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Kitāb al-Īmān. Page 87. Ḥadīth 261.
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