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== Full Name and Lineage ==
== Full Name and Lineage ==
Full name: "Abū Al-Qāsim" Muḥammad bin [[ʿAbdullah bin ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib|ʿAbdullah]] bin [[ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib bin Hāshim|ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib]] ﷺ.
Full name: "Abū al-Qāsim" Muḥammad bin [[ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib|ʿAbdullah]] b. [[ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim|ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib]] ﷺ.


Full patrilineal lineage:  
Full patrilineal lineage:  


Muḥammad b. ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. [[Hāshim]] b. [[ʿAbd Manāf]] b. [[Quṣayy]] b. [[Kilāb]] b. [[Murrah]] b. [[Kaʿb]] b. [[Luʾayy]] b. [[Ghālib]] b. [[Fihr]] b. [[Mālik]] b. [[al-Naḍr]] b. [[Kinānah]] b. [[Khuzaymah]] b. [[Mudrikah]] b. [[Ilyās]] b. [[Muḍar]] b. [[Nizār]] b. [[Maʿadd]] b. [[ʿAdnān]].<ref>Kāndhalwī, Muḥammad Idrīs. ''Seeratul Mustafa (Abridged)''. Translated by Muhammad Kadwa and Mahomed Mahomedy. 2nd ed. Isipingo Beach, South Africa: Jamiatul Ulama (KZN), 2015. Page 1.
Muḥammad b. ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. [[Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf|Hāshim]] b. [[ʿAbd Manāf]] b. [[Quṣayy]] b. [[Kilāb]] b. [[Murrah]] b. [[Kaʿb]] b. [[Luʾayy]] b. [[Ghālib]] b. [[Fihr]] b. [[Mālik]] b. [[al-Naḍr]] b. [[Kinānah]] b. [[Khuzaymah]] b. [[Mudrikah]] b. [[Ilyās]] b. [[Muḍar]] b. [[Nizār]] b. [[Maʿadd]] b. [[ʿAdnān]].<ref>Kāndhalwī, Muḥammad Idrīs. ''Seeratul Mustafa (Abridged)''. Translated by Muhammad Kadwa and Mahomed Mahomedy. 2nd ed. Isipingo Beach, South Africa: Jamiatul Ulama (KZN), 2015. Page 1.


For a longer, more detailed lineage, see [[Detailed family tree of Muḥammad ﷺ|here]]. </ref>
For a longer, more detailed lineage, see [[Detailed family tree of Muḥammad ﷺ|here]]. </ref>


== Titles and Epithets ==
== Titles and Epithets ==
The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ is acknowledged by various titles and epithets, numbering over ---. The following list provides a selection of some of these appellations.
The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ is acknowledged by various titles and epithets. The following list provides a selection of some of these appellations.


## Prophet - ((یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلنَّبِیُّ)) [Sūrah al-Anfāl: Verse 64]
# Muḥammad<ref>(مُّحَمَّدࣱ رَّسُولُ ٱللَّهِۚ) - Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 29</ref>
## Messenger - ((یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلرَّسُولُ)) [Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 41]
# Aḥmad<ref>(وَمُبَشِّرَۢا بِرَسُولࣲ یَأۡتِی مِنۢ بَعۡدِی ٱسۡمُهُۥۤ أَحۡمَدُۖ) - Sūrah al-Ṣaff: Verse 6</ref>
## Seal of the Prophets - ((وَخَاتَمَ ٱلنَّبِیِّـۧنَۗ)) [Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 40]
# Nabī (Prophet)<ref>(یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلنَّبِیُّ) - Sūrah al-Anfāl, Verse 64, among other locations</ref>
## Unlettered Prophet - ((ٱلنَّبِیَّ ٱلۡأُمِّیَّ)) [Sūrah al-Aʿrāf: Verse 157]
# Rasūl (Messenger)<ref>(یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلرَّسُولُ) - Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 41</ref>
## Empathetic and Merciful - ((رَءُوفࣱ رَّحِیمࣱ)) [Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 143]
# Khātam al-Nabiyyīn (Seal of the Prophets)<ref>(وَخَاتَمَ ٱلنَّبِیِّـۧنَۗ) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 40</ref>
## Herald of glad tidings, Forewarner, Witness, Caller [to Allah] - ((شَـٰهِدࣰا وَمُبَشِّرࣰا وَنَذِیرࣰا ۝ وَدَاعِیًا)) [Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 45]
# al-Nabiyy al-Ummī (The Unlettered Prophet)<ref>(ٱلنَّبِیَّ ٱلۡأُمِّیَّ) - Sūrah al-Aʿrāf: Verse 157</ref>
## Illuminating Beacon of Light - ((وَسِرَاجࣰا مُّنِیرࣰا)) [Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 46]
# Shāhid, Mubashshir, Nadhīr (Witness, Herald of glad tidings, and Forewarner)<ref>(شَـٰهِدࣰا وَمُبَشِّرࣰا وَنَذِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 45</ref>
## Bearer of good news - ((بَشِیرࣰا)) [Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 119]
# Shahīd (Witness; Testimony)<ref>(عَلَىٰ هَـٰۤؤُلَاۤءِ شَهِیدࣰا) - Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 41</ref>
## Warner and Guide - ((إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُنذِرࣱۖ وَلِكُلِّ قَوۡمٍ هَادٍ)) [Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 7]
# Bashīr (Bearer of good news)<ref>(بَشِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 119</ref>
## Companion - ((مَا ضَلَّ صَاحِبُكُمۡ)) [Sūrah al-Najm: Verse 2]
# Mundhir (Warner)<ref>(إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُنذِرࣱۖ) - Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 7</ref>
## Servant - ((أَسۡرَىٰ بِعَبۡدِهِۦ)) [Sūrah al-Isrāʾ: Verse 1]
# Hād (Guide)<ref>(وَلِكُلِّ قَوۡمٍ هَادٍ) - Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 7</ref>
## Noble - ((رَسُولࣲ كَرِیمࣲ)) [al-Ḥāqqah: Verse 40; the term “رَسُولࣱ كَرِیمٌ” also comes before in Sūrah al-Dukhān: Verse 17, but in the context of Mūsā (عليه السلام).]
# Dāʿī ilā Allāh (Caller to Allah)<ref>(وَدَاعِیًا إِلَى ٱللَّهِ) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 46</ref>
## Savior and Helper - (())
# Sirāj Munīr (Illuminating Beacon)<ref>(وَسِرَاجࣰا مُّنِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 46</ref>
## Closer [to the Believers] - ((ٱلنَّبِیُّ أَوۡلَىٰ بِٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِینَ مِنۡ أَنفُسِهِمۡۖ)) [Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 6]
# ʿAbd (Servant)<ref>(وَإِن كُنتُمۡ فِی رَیۡبࣲ مِّمَّا نَزَّلۡنَا عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِنَا) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 23
## ʿAzīz - ((عَزِیزٌ عَلَیۡهِ مَا عَنِتُّمۡ)) [Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 128]
 
## Mercy - ((وَمَاۤ أَرۡسَلۡنَـٰكَ إِلَّا رَحۡمَةࣰ لِّلۡعَـٰلَمِینَ)) [Sūrah al-Anbiyāʾ: Verse 107]
(وَمَاۤ أَنزَلۡنَا عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِنَا) - Sūrah al-Anfāl: Verse 41
## Luminosity - ((قَدۡ جَاۤءَكُم مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ نُورࣱ)) [Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 15]
 
## Witness - ((عَلَىٰ هَـٰۤؤُلَاۤءِ شَهِیدࣰا)) [Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 41]
(أَسۡرَىٰ بِعَبۡدِهِۦ) - Sūrah al-Isrāʾ: Verse 1
## Clear [warner] - ((إِنَّمَاۤ أَنَا۠ لَكُمۡ نَذِیرࣱ مُّبِینࣱ)) [Sūrah al-Ḥajj: Verse 49]
 
## Sent [Messenger] - ((وَإِنَّكَ لَمِنَ ٱلۡمُرۡسَلِینَ)) [Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 252]
(ٱلۡحَمۡدُ لِلَّهِ ٱلَّذِیۤ أَنزَلَ عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِهِ) - Sūrah al-Kahf: Verse 1</ref>
## Mantled - ((یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُدَّثِّرُ)) [Sūrah al-Muddaththir: Verse 1]
# Ṣāḥib (Friend; Companion)<ref>(مَا ضَلَّ صَاحِبُكُمۡ) - Sūrah al-Najm: Verse 2</ref>
## Enshrouded - ((یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُزَّمِّلُ)) [Sūrah al-Muzzammil: Verse 1
# Raḥmah li al-ʿĀlamīn (Mercy for the Worlds)<ref>(وَمَاۤ أَرۡسَلۡنَـٰكَ إِلَّا رَحۡمَةࣰ لِّلۡعَـٰلَمِینَ) - Sūrah al-Anbiyāʾ: Verse 107</ref>
## Remembrancer - ((فَذَكِّرۡ إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُذَكِّرࣱ)) [Sūrah al-Ghāshiyah: Verse 21]
# Muddaththir (Mantled)<ref>(یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُدَّثِّرُ) - Sūrah al-Muddaththir: Verse 1</ref>
## Trustworthy - ((رَسُولٌ أَمِینࣱ)) [Sūrah al-Shuʿarāʾ: Verse 107, among other locations in the same sūrah]
# Muzzammil (Enshrouded; Swathed in cloth)<ref>(یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُزَّمِّلُ) - Sūrah al-Muzzammil: Verse 1</ref>
## Reminder - ((قَدۡ أَنزَلَ ٱللَّهُ إِلَیۡكُمۡ ذِكۡرࣰا)) [Sūrah al-Ṭalāq: Verse 10]
# Raʾūf & Raḥīm (Empathetic; Compassionate and Merciful)<ref>(رَءُوفࣱ رَّحِیمࣱ) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 143</ref>
## [One Who] Lends an Ear ((قُلۡ أُذُنُ)) [Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 61]
# Karīm (Noble)<ref>(رَسُولࣲ كَرِیمࣲ) - al-Ḥāqqah: Verse 40.
## Clear Proof - ((حَتَّىٰ تَأۡتِیَهُمُ ٱلۡبَیِّنَةُ)) [Sūrah al-Bayyinah: Verse 1]
 
## Guidance - ((فَإِمَّا یَأۡتِیَنَّكُم مِّنِّی هُدࣰى)) [Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 38]
The term “رَسُولࣱ كَرِیمٌ” also appears in Sūrah al-Dukhān: Verse 17, but in the context of Mūsā (عليه السلام).</ref>
## Truth - ((بَلۡ كَذَّبُوا۟ بِٱلۡحَقِّ لَمَّا جَاۤءَهُمۡ)) [Sūrah Qāf: Verse 5]
# Mudhakkir (Remembrancer)<ref>(فَذَكِّرۡ إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُذَكِّرࣱ) - Sūrah al-Ghāshiyah: Verse 21</ref>
## Truthfulness - ((وَٱلَّذِی جَاۤءَ بِٱلصِّدۡقِ)) [Sūrah al-Zumar: Verse 33]
# Munādī (Harbinger)<ref>(رَّبَّنَاۤ إِنَّنَا سَمِعۡنَا مُنَادِیࣰا یُنَادِی لِلۡإِیمَـٰنِ) - Sūrah Āl ʿImrān: Verse 193</ref>
## Arbitrator - ((وَإِذَا دُعُوۤا۟ إِلَى ٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦ لِیَحۡكُمَ بَیۡنَهُمۡ)) [Sūrah al-Nūr: Verse 48]
# Muslim (Submitter)<ref>(وَأُمِرۡتُ أَنۡ أَكُونَ مِنَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ) - Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 72</ref>
## Judge - ((إِذَا قَضَى ٱللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُۥۤ)) [Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 36]
# Sājid (One who prostrates)<ref>(وَكُن مِّنَ ٱلسَّـٰجِدِینَ) - Sūrah al-Ḥijr: Verse 98</ref>
## Ṭāhā - ((طه ۝ مَاۤ أَنزَلۡنَا عَلَیۡكَ ٱلۡقُرۡءَانَ لِتَشۡقَىٰۤ)) [Sūrah Ṭāhā: Verse 1 and 2]
# Mujāhid (Crusader)<ref>(جَـٰهِدِ ٱلۡكُفَّارَ وَٱلۡمُنَـٰفِقِینَ) - Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 73; Sūrah al-Taḥrīm: Verse 9</ref>
## Yā Sīn - ((یسۤ ۝ وَٱلۡقُرۡءَانِ ٱلۡحَكِیمِ)) [Sūrah Yā Sīn: Verse 1 and 2]
# Mustaghfir (Seeker of Forgiveness)<ref>(وَٱسۡتَغۡفِرۡ لِذَنۢبِكَ) - Sūrah Muḥammad: Verse 19</ref>
## Peace - ((سُبُلَ ٱلسَّلَـٰمِ)) [Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 16]
# ʿAbd-Allāh<ref>(وَأَنَّهُۥ لَمَّا قَامَ عَبۡدُ ٱللَّهِ یَدۡعُوهُ كَادُوا۟ یَكُونُونَ عَلَیۡهِ لِبَدࣰا) - Sūrah al-Jinn: Verse 19</ref>
## Knower - ((فَٱعۡلَمۡ أَنَّهُۥ لَاۤ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّهُ)) [Sūrah Muḥammad: Verse 19]
# Awwal (The First)<ref>(وَأُمِرۡتُ لِأَنۡ أَكُونَ أَوَّلَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ) - Sūrah al-Zumar: Verse 12</ref>
## Undeviating (''mustaqīm'') - ((فَٱسۡتَقِمۡ كَمَاۤ أُمِرۡتَ)) [Sūrah Hūd: Verse 112]
# Bayyinah (Clear Proof)<ref>(حَتَّىٰ تَأۡتِیَهُمُ ٱلۡبَیِّنَةُ) - Sūrah al-Bayyinah: Verse 1</ref>
## Submitter - ((وَأُمِرۡتُ أَنۡ أَكُونَ مِنَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ)) [Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 72]
# Burhān (Apodictic Proof)<ref>(قَدۡ جَاۤءَكُم بُرۡهَـٰنࣱ) - Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 174</ref>
## Thankful - ((أَلَیۡسَ ٱللَّهُ بِأَعۡلَمَ بِٱلشَّـٰكِرِینَ)) [Sūrah al-Anʿām: Verse 53]
# Rajul (Man)<ref>(أَوۡحَیۡنَاۤ إِلَىٰ رَجُلࣲ مِّنۡهُمۡ) - Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 2</ref>
## Chosen One (''muṣṭafā, mujtabā, mukhtār'')
# Ṭāhā<ref>(طه) - Sūrah Ṭāhā: Verse 1</ref>
### ((ٱصۡطَفَیۡنَا مِنۡ عِبَادِنَاۖ)) [Sūrah al-Fāṭir: Verse 32]
# Yā Sīn<ref>(یسۤ) - Sūrah Yā Sīn: Verse 1</ref>
### ((وَٱجۡتَبَیۡنَـٰهُمۡ)) [Sūrah al-Anʿām: Verse 87]
# Ḥamīd/Maḥmūd (Praiser and Praiseworthy)<ref>(حم) - Sūrah al-Ghāfir, al-Sajdah, al-Shūrā, al-Zukhruf, al-Dukhān, al-Jāthiyah, and al-Aḥqāf</ref><ref>While such verses are arcane, known only to Allah and those who He inspires with such knowledge, some scholars have offered explanations for what these verses may denote. According to Fayrūzabādī in his ''Baṣāʾir Dhawī al-Tamyīz'' (''Illuminations of the Insightful''), the verse "حمۤ" is an abbreviation for two names of Rasūl-Allāh ﷺ.
### ((وَرَبُّكَ یَخۡلُقُ مَا یَشَاۤءُ وَیَخۡتَارُۗ)) [Sūrah al-Qaṣaṣ: Verse 68]
 
## Seed/Sprout - ((كَزَرۡعٍ أَخۡرَجَ شَطۡـَٔهُۥ)) [Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 29]
See: Fayrūzabādī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb. ''Baṣāʾir Dhawī Al-Tamyīz''. Vol. 6. Cairo, Egypt: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1973. Page 13.</ref>
## Blessing - ((وَٱذۡكُرُوا۟ نِعۡمَةَ ٱللَّهِ عَلَیۡكُمۡ)) [Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 7]
# ʿAzīz/Sayyid/Qādir (Mighty, Leader, Powerful)<ref>(عسق) - [Sūrah al-Shūrā: Verse 2]</ref><ref>See: Fayrūzabādī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb. ''Baṣāʾir Dhawī Al-Tamyīz''. Vol. 6. Cairo, Egypt: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1973. Page 13.</ref>
## Guiding Mentor - ((وَلِیࣰّا مُّرۡشِدࣰا)) [Sūrah al-Kahf: Verse 17]
# al-Māḥī (The Effacer; Eradicator of Disbelief)<ref>Qushayrī, Muslim b. Al-Ḥajjāj. ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim''. Edited by Nazr b. Muḥammad Fāriyābī. Cairo, Egypt: Dār Ṭībah, 2006. ''Kitāb al-Faḍāʾil''. Page 1105. Ḥadīth 2354.</ref>
## Radiant (Happy) - ((وَأَمَّا ٱلَّذِینَ سُعِدُوا۟)) [Sūrah Hūd: Verse 108]
# al-Ḥāshir (The Assembler)<ref>Ibid.</ref>
## Beloved - ((فَٱتَّبِعُونِی یُحۡبِبۡكُمُ ٱللَّهُ)) [Sūrah Āl ʿImrān: Verse 31]
# al-ʿĀqib (The Final Prophet)<ref>Ibid.</ref>
## Cleansed - ((وَیُطَهِّرَكُمۡ تَطۡهِیرࣰا)) [Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 33]
# al-Muqaffā (Leader; Preeminently Followed)<ref>Ibid. Page 1106. Ḥadīth 2355.</ref>
## Pure - ((وَٱلطَّیِّبَـٰتُ لِلطَّیِّبِینَ)) [Sūrah al-Nūr: Verse 26]
# Nabī al-Tawbah (The Prophet of Repentance)<ref>Ibid.</ref>
## Intercessor - ((وَلَا تَنفَعُ ٱلشَّفَـٰعَةُ عِندَهُۥۤ إِلَّا لِمَنۡ أَذِنَ لَهُۥۚ)) [Sūrah al-Sabaʾ: Verse 23]
# Nabī al-Raḥmah (The Prophet of Mercy)<ref>Ibid.</ref>
## Blessed - ((رَحۡمَتُ ٱللَّهِ وَبَرَكَـٰتُهُۥ عَلَیۡكُمۡ أَهۡلَ ٱلۡبَیۡتِۚ)) [Sūrah Hūd: Verse 73]
# Nabī al-Malḥamah (The Prophet of the Battlefront)<ref>Bustī, Muḥammad b. Ḥibbān. ''Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān: al-Musnad al-Ṣaḥīḥ ʿalā al-Taqāsīm Wa al-Anwāʿ''. 1st ed. Vol. 7. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012. Page 777. Ḥadīth 7434.</ref>
## Confirmation - ((مُصَدِّقࣰا لِّمَا بَیۡنَ یَدَیۡهِ)) [Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 48]
# Mutawakkil (The Trustful Prophet)<ref>Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Damascus, Syria: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2002. Page 274. Ḥadīth 1130.</ref>
## Souls - ((لَقَدۡ جَاۤءَكُمۡ رَسُولࣱ مِّنۡ أَنفُسِكُمۡ)) [Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 128]
## Apodictic Proof - ((قَدۡ جَاۤءَكُم بُرۡهَـٰنࣱ)) [Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 174]
## The People - ((أَمۡ یَحۡسُدُونَ ٱلنَّاسَ عَلَىٰ مَاۤ ءَاتَىٰهُمُ ٱللَّهُ)) [Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 54]
## Reciter - ((یَتۡلُوا۟ عَلَیۡكُمۡ ءَایَـٰتِ ٱللَّهِ)) [Sūrah al-Ṭalāq: Verse 11]
## Extractor [from Darkness] - ((وَیُخۡرِجُهُم مِّنَ ٱلظُّلُمَـٰتِ إِلَى ٱلنُّورِ)) [Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 16]
## Man (''rajul'') - ((أَوۡحَیۡنَاۤ إِلَىٰ رَجُلࣲ مِّنۡهُمۡ)) [Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 2]
## Of Sure Footing - ((أَنَّ لَهُمۡ قَدَمَ صِدۡقٍ)) [Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 2]
## Praiser and Praiseworthy (''ḥamīd/maḥmūd'') - ((حم)) [Sūrah al-Ghāfir, al-Sajdah, al-Shūrā, al-Zukhruf, al-Dukhān, al-Jāthiyah, and al-Aḥqāf]
## Mighty, Leader, Powerful (''ʿazīz/sayyid/qādir'') - ((عسق)) [Sūrah al-Shūrā: Verse 2]
## A Reminder - ((وَإِنَّهُۥ لَتَذۡكِرَةࣱ لِّلۡمُتَّقِینَ)) [Sūrah al-Ḥāqqah: Verse 48]
## Sent [to Mankind] - ((هُوَ ٱلَّذِی بَعَثَ فِی ٱلۡأُمِّیِّـۧنَ)) [Sūrah al-Jumuʿah: Verse 2]
## Protected - ((وَٱللَّهُ یَعۡصِمُكَ مِنَ ٱلنَّاسِۗ)) [Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 67]
## Divinely Assisted - ((هُوَ ٱلَّذِیۤ أَیَّدَكَ بِنَصۡرِهِۦ وَبِٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِینَ)) [Sūrah al-Anfāl: Verse 62]
## Victorious - ((وَیَنصُرَكَ ٱللَّهُ)) [Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 3]
## Forgiven - ((لِّیَغۡفِرَ لَكَ ٱللَّهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِن ذَنۢبِكَ)) [Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 2]
## Triumphant - ((هُمُ ٱلۡغَـٰلِبُونَ)) [Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 56]
## Pardoned - ((عَفَا ٱللَّهُ عَنكَ)) [Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 43]
## Herald - ((نَبِّئۡ عِبَادِیۤ)) [Sūrah al-Ḥijr: Verse 49]
## Contented - ((لَعَلَّكَ تَرۡضَىٰ)) [Sūrah Ṭāhā: Verse 130]
## Exalter - ((فَسَبِّحۡ بِٱسۡمِ رَبِّكَ ٱلۡعَظِیمِ)) [Sūrah al-Wāqiʿah: Verse 74]
## Prostrative - ((وَكُن مِّنَ ٱلسَّـٰجِدِینَ)) [Sūrah al-Ḥijr: Verse 98]
## Worshiper - ((وَٱعۡبُدۡ رَبَّكَ)) [Sūrah al-Ḥijr: Verse 99]
## Follower [of Guidance] - ((فَبِهُدَىٰهُمُ ٱقۡتَدِهۡۗ)) [Sūrah al-Anʿām: Verse 90]
## Guarded - ((یَحۡفَظُونَهُۥ مِنۡ أَمۡرِ ٱللَّهِۗ)) [Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 11]
## Harbinger - ((سَمِعۡنَا مُنَادِیࣰا یُنَادِی لِلۡإِیمَـٰنِ)) [Sūrah Āl ʿImrān: Verse 193]
## Crusader - ((جَـٰهِدِ ٱلۡكُفَّارَ وَٱلۡمُنَـٰفِقِینَ)) [Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 73; the phrase is also present in Sūrah al-Taḥrīm: Verse 9]
## Seeker of Forgiveness - ((وَٱسۡتَغۡفِرۡ لِذَنۢبِكَ)) [Sūrah Muḥammad: Verse 19]
## Prayerful - ((فَصَلِّ لِرَبِّكَ)) [Sūrah al-Kawthar: Verse 108]
## Commanding and Forbidding (''āmir/nāh'') - ((وَمَاۤ ءَاتَىٰكُمُ ٱلرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَمَا نَهَىٰكُمۡ عَنۡهُ فَٱنتَهُوا۟ۚ)) [Sūrah al-Ḥashr: Verse 7]
## Prayer of Vigil (''mutahajjid'') - ((وَمِنَ ٱلَّیۡلِ فَتَهَجَّدۡ)) [Sūrah al-Isrāʾ: Verse 79]
## Guide (''muhtadī'') - ((وَإِنِ ٱهۡتَدَیۡتُ)) [Sūrah al-Sabaʾ: Verse 50]
## Trustful (''mutawakkil'') - ((وَتَوَكَّلۡ عَلَى ٱلۡحَیِّ ٱلَّذِی لَا یَمُوتُ)) [Sūrah al-Furqān: Verse 58]
## The Assembler, The Final, The Eradicator [of Disbelief] - “I am I am the Eradicator - the one through whom Allah eradicates disbelief. I am the Assembler - the one who around my feet the people shall assemble. And I am the Final - the one after whom there is no one [else as a prophet]...”
## The First - ((وَأُمِرۡتُ لِأَنۡ أَكُونَ أَوَّلَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ)) [Sūrah al-Zumar: Verse 12]
## Aḥmad - ((یَأۡتِی مِنۢ بَعۡدِی ٱسۡمُهُۥۤ أَحۡمَدُ)) [Sūrah al-Ṣaff: Verse 6]  Muḥammad - ((مُّحَمَّدࣱ رَّسُولُ ٱللَّهِۚ)) [Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 29]


== Early Life ==
== Early Life ==


=== Birth ===
=== Birth ===
Muḥaddithūn and Islamic historians unanimously agree that the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ was born in the Year of the Elephant, approximately fifty days after [[The Incident of the Army of Elephants|its eponymous incident]].<ref>Zarqānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Bāqī. ''Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī: ʿalā al-Mawāhib al-Ladunniyyah Bi al-Minaḥ al-Muḥammadiyyah Li al-ʿAllāmah al-Qasṭalānī''. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah (DKI), 2012. Pages 243-244.</ref> Most sources from both groups concur that the Prophet Muḥammad's ﷺ birth occurred in the month of Rabīʿ al-Awwal, the third month of the [[Islamic Calendar|Islamic lunar calendar]], specifically on either the 8th or 12th day (April of 570 CE),<ref>Qasṭalānī says the 8th is the more likely birthdate. He attributes this opinion to most muḥaddithūn and historians 'who are knowledgeable in the field,' as well as Ibn ʿAbbās and Jubayr b. Muṭʿim.
{{Main/en|Incidents around the birth of the Prophet}}
Muḥaddithūn and Islamic historians unanimously agree that the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ was born in the [[Year of the Elephant]], approximately fifty days after [[The Incident of the Army of Elephants|its eponymous incident]].<ref>Zarqānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Bāqī. ''Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī: ʿalā al-Mawāhib al-Ladunniyyah Bi al-Minaḥ al-Muḥammadiyyah Li al-ʿAllāmah al-Qasṭalānī''. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah (DKI), 2012. Pages 243-244.</ref> His birth ﷺ is attributed to either the 8th or 12th day of Rabīʿ al-Awwal, the third month of the [[Islamic Calendar|Islamic lunar calendar]] (April, 570 CE).<ref>Qasṭallānī says the 8th is the more likely birthdate. He attributes this opinion to most muḥaddithūn and historians 'who are knowledgeable in the field,' as well as Ibn ʿAbbās and Jubayr b. Muṭʿim.
 
Zarqānī, Muḥammad. ''Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī.'' Pages 246-247.</ref><ref>Ibn Kathīr says the 12th is the more accurate opinion. He cites a ḥadīth in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim to support his viewpoint in this regard, narrated by Ibn ʿAbbās.


Zarqānī, Muḥammad. ''Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī.'' Pages 246-247.</ref><ref>Ibn Kathīr says the 12th is the more accurate opinion. He cites a ḥadīth in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim to support his viewpoint in this regard, narrated by Ibn ʿAbbās.  
Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. ''Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih''. PDF. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Arnāʾūṭ, n.d. Pages 134-135</ref><ref>For the academic discussion on Rasūl-Allāh's ﷺ date of birth, see [[Muḥammad's ﷺ Date of Birth|here]].</ref>   


Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. ''Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih''. PDF. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Arnāʾūṭ, n.d. Pages 134-135</ref><ref>For the academic discussion on Rasūl-Allāh's ﷺ date of birth, see [[Muḥammad's ﷺ Date of Birth|here]].</ref> within the household of [[Abū Ṭālib]] in [[Makkah]].
The Prophet ﷺ was born to [[ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib|ʿAbd-Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]] and [[Āminah bint Wahab|Āminah]] b. [[Wahb b. ʿAbd Manāf|Wahb]]. His father, ʿAbd-Allāh, passed away a few months before his blessed birth,<ref>Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. ''Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih''. Page 139.</ref> and his mother passed away when he was six years old.<ref>Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl B. Kathīr. ''Al-Bidāyah Wa al-Nihāyah''. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād and Shuʿayb al-Arnāʾūt. Vol. 2. Qatar: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2010. Page 63.</ref> For most of these first six years, the Prophet ﷺ lived under the care of [[Ḥalīmah al-Saʿdiyyah|Ḥalīmah al-Saʿdiyyah ﵂]], his [[Foster Mothers of the Prophet ﷺ|foster mother]], amidst the [[Banū Saʿd]].<ref>Al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman. ''The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet ﷺ''. First Edition. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996. Page 59.</ref>
 
We find: The mother of ‘Uthmān bin Abil-Aas ﵁, Fāṭimah binti ‘Abdillah says: “During the blessed birth of Rasulullah ﷺ, I was with his mother Āminah. I noticed the whole house radiating with nūr (brilliance), and I saw the stars stooping so low I thought they would come crashing down onto me.”<ref name=":0">“Seerat-e-Mustafa English by Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive. Accessed January 20, 2024. <nowiki>https://archive.org/details/seeratemustafa_202002</nowiki>.</ref>
 
The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ did not have the normal effects of after-birth or any form of dirt on his blessed body.<ref name=":0" />


=== Upbringing ===
=== Upbringing ===
He was suckled by his mother [[Āminah bint Wahab|Āminah]] for a few days, then he was suckled by [[Thuwaybah]] ﵂. Then he was suckled by [[Ḥalīmah]].
{{Main/en|Childhood of the Prophet}}
At around four years of age, the Prophet ﷺ was visited by the [[Malāʾikah (Angels)|angel]] [[Jibrīl ﵇]] (Gabriel), who wrestled him to the ground, [[The Splitting of the Chest|split his chest]], and removed a black sliver from his heart. Thereafter, the archangel washed his heart with [[Zamzam]], placed it back in his chest cavity, and then resealed his chest.<ref>Qushayrī, Muslim b. Al-Ḥajjāj. ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim''. ''Kitāb al-Īmān''. Page 87. Ḥadīth 261.</ref>
 
The entire paranormal event frightened Ḥalīmah ﵂, who returned the Prophet ﷺ to Āminah. Āminah would thereafter care for the Prophet ﷺ until her passing in either [[Abwāʾ]], a small oasis in between [[Makkah]] and [[Madīnah]], or in Makkah. The Prophet ﷺ was now, effectively, an orphan. 
 
After this event an Abyssinian bondswoman, [[Umm Ayman Barakah]], brought the Prophet ﷺ to his grandfather, [[ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib]], in Makkah.<ref>Nadwi , Abul Hasan Ali, and Mohiuddin Ahmad. In ''Prophet of Mercy (Nabiyy-i Rahmat)''. London: Turath Publishing, 2014.</ref> 
 
The Prophet ﷺ was embraced by his grandfather, with whom he remained until eight years of age, when ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib passed away. 
 
After his grandfather's passing, the Prophet ﷺ was adopted by his paternal uncle, [[Abū Ṭālib b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib|Abū Ṭālib]], who would care for him until he ﷺ was 50 years old. 
 
Following this juncture, many muḥaddithīn and muʾarrikhīn (historians) mention the story of the Prophet's ﷺ first excursion to Syria, Damascus, or Rome with his uncle (reports vary) and his encounter with [[Baḥīrā]] (or Buḥayrā). The following is a summary of most variants of this story: 
 
When the Prophet ﷺ was twelve years old, Abū Ṭālib [[First Journey to Syria|took him to Syria]] with a trade caravan. There, they encountered the Christian monk Baḥīrā, who, based on certain miraculous elements, recognized the boy ﷺ as the final prophet foretold in the previous scriptures. Baḥīrā, who was generally reclusive and indifferent to caravans, held a feast for the caravan, during which he told Abū Ṭālib to remove the boy from the caravan and send him back to Makkah immediately. Otherwise, he told the chieftain and his nobles, the Jews in Syria and Damascus would try to assassinate the boy on account of his Ismāʿīlī heritage. In response, Abū Ṭālib sent the Prophet ﷺ back to Makkah with Abū Bakr ﵁. 
 
He ﷺ would tend to the goats of the Quraysh, and [[Abū Hurayrah]] ﵁ narrates that the Prophet ﷺ said: "There was not a single messenger who did not graze sheep."<ref>Sahih al-Bukhari 2262
 
Chapter 2: To shepherd sheep for Qirat, Book 37: Hiring <nowiki>https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2262</nowiki></ref> 
 
== Adulthood Before Attaining Prophet-hood ==
 
=== Second Journey to Syria ===
{{Main/en|Second Journey to Syria}}
The Prophet ﷺ came to be known as al-ṣādiq (truthful) and al-amīn (trustworthy) among the Quraysh due to his excellent conduct. When the Prophet ﷺ was twenty five years old, [[Khadījah ﵂]] was interested in having the Prophet ﷺ oversee her trade goods in a caravan departing to Syria. The Prophet ﷺ accepted the offer and he set off to Syria accompanied by [[Khadījah ﵂|Hadhrat Khadījah’s ﵂]] slave, [[Maysarah|Maysarah.]] <ref>“Seerat-e-Mustafa English by Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive. Accessed January 20, 2024. <nowiki>https://archive.org/details/seeratemustafa_202002</nowiki>.</ref> At Busra the Prophet ﷺ sat underneath the shade of a tree. In the vicinity of this tree there lived a monk named Nastoora. He saw the Prophet ﷺ and approached him. Nastoora said “From ‘īsā bin Maryam ﵇ right up to this present moment, besides you no other prophet has sat beneath this tree” Following this he remarked to Maysarah “He (Rasūlullāh ﷺ) has this redness in his eyes.” Maysarah responded and revealed “Yes, this redness has never left his eyes.” Nastoora exclaimed “Yes, surely this is the Prophet. This is the final Messenger.” After this the Prophet ﷺ continued engaging in his trading activities.
 
== The Battle of Badr ==
{{Main/en|Battle of Badr}}
The first major battle of Islam.

Latest revision as of 20:31, 21 May 2024

Full Name and Lineage

Full name: "Abū al-Qāsim" Muḥammad bin ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib ﷺ.

Full patrilineal lineage:

Muḥammad b. ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf b. Quṣayy b. Kilāb b. Murrah b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy b. Ghālib b. Fihr b. Mālik b. al-Naḍr b. Kinānah b. Khuzaymah b. Mudrikah b. Ilyās b. Muḍar b. Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān.[1]

Titles and Epithets

The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ is acknowledged by various titles and epithets. The following list provides a selection of some of these appellations.

  1. Muḥammad[2]
  2. Aḥmad[3]
  3. Nabī (Prophet)[4]
  4. Rasūl (Messenger)[5]
  5. Khātam al-Nabiyyīn (Seal of the Prophets)[6]
  6. al-Nabiyy al-Ummī (The Unlettered Prophet)[7]
  7. Shāhid, Mubashshir, Nadhīr (Witness, Herald of glad tidings, and Forewarner)[8]
  8. Shahīd (Witness; Testimony)[9]
  9. Bashīr (Bearer of good news)[10]
  10. Mundhir (Warner)[11]
  11. Hād (Guide)[12]
  12. Dāʿī ilā Allāh (Caller to Allah)[13]
  13. Sirāj Munīr (Illuminating Beacon)[14]
  14. ʿAbd (Servant)[15]
  15. Ṣāḥib (Friend; Companion)[16]
  16. Raḥmah li al-ʿĀlamīn (Mercy for the Worlds)[17]
  17. Muddaththir (Mantled)[18]
  18. Muzzammil (Enshrouded; Swathed in cloth)[19]
  19. Raʾūf & Raḥīm (Empathetic; Compassionate and Merciful)[20]
  20. Karīm (Noble)[21]
  21. Mudhakkir (Remembrancer)[22]
  22. Munādī (Harbinger)[23]
  23. Muslim (Submitter)[24]
  24. Sājid (One who prostrates)[25]
  25. Mujāhid (Crusader)[26]
  26. Mustaghfir (Seeker of Forgiveness)[27]
  27. ʿAbd-Allāh[28]
  28. Awwal (The First)[29]
  29. Bayyinah (Clear Proof)[30]
  30. Burhān (Apodictic Proof)[31]
  31. Rajul (Man)[32]
  32. Ṭāhā[33]
  33. Yā Sīn[34]
  34. Ḥamīd/Maḥmūd (Praiser and Praiseworthy)[35][36]
  35. ʿAzīz/Sayyid/Qādir (Mighty, Leader, Powerful)[37][38]
  36. al-Māḥī (The Effacer; Eradicator of Disbelief)[39]
  37. al-Ḥāshir (The Assembler)[40]
  38. al-ʿĀqib (The Final Prophet)[41]
  39. al-Muqaffā (Leader; Preeminently Followed)[42]
  40. Nabī al-Tawbah (The Prophet of Repentance)[43]
  41. Nabī al-Raḥmah (The Prophet of Mercy)[44]
  42. Nabī al-Malḥamah (The Prophet of the Battlefront)[45]
  43. Mutawakkil (The Trustful Prophet)[46]

Early Life

Birth

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Main page: Incidents around the birth of the Prophet

Muḥaddithūn and Islamic historians unanimously agree that the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ was born in the Year of the Elephant, approximately fifty days after its eponymous incident.[47] His birth ﷺ is attributed to either the 8th or 12th day of Rabīʿ al-Awwal, the third month of the Islamic lunar calendar (April, 570 CE).[48][49][50]

The Prophet ﷺ was born to ʿAbd-Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and Āminah b. Wahb. His father, ʿAbd-Allāh, passed away a few months before his blessed birth,[51] and his mother passed away when he was six years old.[52] For most of these first six years, the Prophet ﷺ lived under the care of Ḥalīmah al-Saʿdiyyah ﵂, his foster mother, amidst the Banū Saʿd.[53]

We find: The mother of ‘Uthmān bin Abil-Aas ﵁, Fāṭimah binti ‘Abdillah says: “During the blessed birth of Rasulullah ﷺ, I was with his mother Āminah. I noticed the whole house radiating with nūr (brilliance), and I saw the stars stooping so low I thought they would come crashing down onto me.”[54]

The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ did not have the normal effects of after-birth or any form of dirt on his blessed body.[54]

Upbringing

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Main page: Childhood of the Prophet

At around four years of age, the Prophet ﷺ was visited by the angel Jibrīl ﵇ (Gabriel), who wrestled him to the ground, split his chest, and removed a black sliver from his heart. Thereafter, the archangel washed his heart with Zamzam, placed it back in his chest cavity, and then resealed his chest.[55]

The entire paranormal event frightened Ḥalīmah ﵂, who returned the Prophet ﷺ to Āminah. Āminah would thereafter care for the Prophet ﷺ until her passing in either Abwāʾ, a small oasis in between Makkah and Madīnah, or in Makkah. The Prophet ﷺ was now, effectively, an orphan.

After this event an Abyssinian bondswoman, Umm Ayman Barakah, brought the Prophet ﷺ to his grandfather, ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib, in Makkah.[56]

The Prophet ﷺ was embraced by his grandfather, with whom he remained until eight years of age, when ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib passed away.

After his grandfather's passing, the Prophet ﷺ was adopted by his paternal uncle, Abū Ṭālib, who would care for him until he ﷺ was 50 years old.

Following this juncture, many muḥaddithīn and muʾarrikhīn (historians) mention the story of the Prophet's ﷺ first excursion to Syria, Damascus, or Rome with his uncle (reports vary) and his encounter with Baḥīrā (or Buḥayrā). The following is a summary of most variants of this story:

When the Prophet ﷺ was twelve years old, Abū Ṭālib took him to Syria with a trade caravan. There, they encountered the Christian monk Baḥīrā, who, based on certain miraculous elements, recognized the boy ﷺ as the final prophet foretold in the previous scriptures. Baḥīrā, who was generally reclusive and indifferent to caravans, held a feast for the caravan, during which he told Abū Ṭālib to remove the boy from the caravan and send him back to Makkah immediately. Otherwise, he told the chieftain and his nobles, the Jews in Syria and Damascus would try to assassinate the boy on account of his Ismāʿīlī heritage. In response, Abū Ṭālib sent the Prophet ﷺ back to Makkah with Abū Bakr ﵁.

He ﷺ would tend to the goats of the Quraysh, and Abū Hurayrah ﵁ narrates that the Prophet ﷺ said: "There was not a single messenger who did not graze sheep."[57]

Adulthood Before Attaining Prophet-hood

Second Journey to Syria

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Main page: Second Journey to Syria

The Prophet ﷺ came to be known as al-ṣādiq (truthful) and al-amīn (trustworthy) among the Quraysh due to his excellent conduct. When the Prophet ﷺ was twenty five years old, Khadījah ﵂ was interested in having the Prophet ﷺ oversee her trade goods in a caravan departing to Syria. The Prophet ﷺ accepted the offer and he set off to Syria accompanied by Hadhrat Khadījah’s ﵂ slave, Maysarah. [58] At Busra the Prophet ﷺ sat underneath the shade of a tree. In the vicinity of this tree there lived a monk named Nastoora. He saw the Prophet ﷺ and approached him. Nastoora said “From ‘īsā bin Maryam ﵇ right up to this present moment, besides you no other prophet has sat beneath this tree” Following this he remarked to Maysarah “He (Rasūlullāh ﷺ) has this redness in his eyes.” Maysarah responded and revealed “Yes, this redness has never left his eyes.” Nastoora exclaimed “Yes, surely this is the Prophet. This is the final Messenger.” After this the Prophet ﷺ continued engaging in his trading activities.

The Battle of Badr

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Main page: Battle of Badr

The first major battle of Islam.

  1. ↑ Kāndhalwī, Muḥammad Idrīs. Seeratul Mustafa (Abridged). Translated by Muhammad Kadwa and Mahomed Mahomedy. 2nd ed. Isipingo Beach, South Africa: Jamiatul Ulama (KZN), 2015. Page 1. For a longer, more detailed lineage, see here.
  2. ↑ (مُّحَمَّدࣱ رَّسُولُ ٱللَّهِۚ) - Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 29
  3. ↑ (وَمُبَشِّرَۢا بِرَسُولࣲ یَأۡتِی مِنۢ بَعۡدِی ٱسۡمُهُۥۤ أَحۡمَدُۖ) - Sūrah al-Ṣaff: Verse 6
  4. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلنَّبِیُّ) - Sūrah al-Anfāl, Verse 64, among other locations
  5. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلرَّسُولُ) - Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 41
  6. ↑ (وَخَاتَمَ ٱلنَّبِیِّـۧنَۗ) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 40
  7. ↑ (ٱلنَّبِیَّ ٱلۡأُمِّیَّ) - Sūrah al-Aʿrāf: Verse 157
  8. ↑ (شَـٰهِدࣰا وَمُبَشِّرࣰا وَنَذِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 45
  9. ↑ (عَلَىٰ هَـٰۤؤُلَاۤءِ شَهِیدࣰا) - Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 41
  10. ↑ (بَشِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 119
  11. ↑ (إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُنذِرࣱۖ) - Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 7
  12. ↑ (وَلِكُلِّ قَوۡمٍ هَادٍ) - Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 7
  13. ↑ (وَدَاعِیًا إِلَى ٱللَّهِ) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 46
  14. ↑ (وَسِرَاجࣰا مُّنِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 46
  15. ↑ (وَإِن كُنتُمۡ فِی رَیۡبࣲ مِّمَّا نَزَّلۡنَا عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِنَا) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 23 (وَمَاۤ أَنزَلۡنَا عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِنَا) - Sūrah al-Anfāl: Verse 41 (أَسۡرَىٰ بِعَبۡدِهِۦ) - Sūrah al-Isrāʾ: Verse 1 (ٱلۡحَمۡدُ لِلَّهِ ٱلَّذِیۤ أَنزَلَ عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِهِ) - Sūrah al-Kahf: Verse 1
  16. ↑ (مَا ضَلَّ صَاحِبُكُمۡ) - Sūrah al-Najm: Verse 2
  17. ↑ (وَمَاۤ أَرۡسَلۡنَـٰكَ إِلَّا رَحۡمَةࣰ لِّلۡعَـٰلَمِینَ) - Sūrah al-Anbiyāʾ: Verse 107
  18. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُدَّثِّرُ) - Sūrah al-Muddaththir: Verse 1
  19. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُزَّمِّلُ) - Sūrah al-Muzzammil: Verse 1
  20. ↑ (رَءُوفࣱ رَّحِیمࣱ) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 143
  21. ↑ (رَسُولࣲ كَرِیمࣲ) - al-Ḥāqqah: Verse 40. The term “رَسُولࣱ كَرِیمٌ” also appears in Sūrah al-Dukhān: Verse 17, but in the context of Mūsā (عليه السلام).
  22. ↑ (فَذَكِّرۡ إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُذَكِّرࣱ) - Sūrah al-Ghāshiyah: Verse 21
  23. ↑ (رَّبَّنَاۤ إِنَّنَا سَمِعۡنَا مُنَادِیࣰا یُنَادِی لِلۡإِیمَـٰنِ) - Sūrah Āl ʿImrān: Verse 193
  24. ↑ (وَأُمِرۡتُ أَنۡ أَكُونَ مِنَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ) - Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 72
  25. ↑ (وَكُن مِّنَ ٱلسَّـٰجِدِینَ) - Sūrah al-Ḥijr: Verse 98
  26. ↑ (جَـٰهِدِ ٱلۡكُفَّارَ وَٱلۡمُنَـٰفِقِینَ) - Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 73; Sūrah al-Taḥrīm: Verse 9
  27. ↑ (وَٱسۡتَغۡفِرۡ لِذَنۢبِكَ) - Sūrah Muḥammad: Verse 19
  28. ↑ (وَأَنَّهُۥ لَمَّا قَامَ عَبۡدُ ٱللَّهِ یَدۡعُوهُ كَادُوا۟ یَكُونُونَ عَلَیۡهِ لِبَدࣰا) - Sūrah al-Jinn: Verse 19
  29. ↑ (وَأُمِرۡتُ لِأَنۡ أَكُونَ أَوَّلَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ) - Sūrah al-Zumar: Verse 12
  30. ↑ (حَتَّىٰ تَأۡتِیَهُمُ ٱلۡبَیِّنَةُ) - Sūrah al-Bayyinah: Verse 1
  31. ↑ (قَدۡ جَاۤءَكُم بُرۡهَـٰنࣱ) - Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 174
  32. ↑ (أَوۡحَیۡنَاۤ إِلَىٰ رَجُلࣲ مِّنۡهُمۡ) - Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 2
  33. ↑ (طه) - Sūrah Ṭāhā: Verse 1
  34. ↑ (یسۤ) - Sūrah Yā Sīn: Verse 1
  35. ↑ (حم) - Sūrah al-Ghāfir, al-Sajdah, al-Shūrā, al-Zukhruf, al-Dukhān, al-Jāthiyah, and al-Aḥqāf
  36. ↑ While such verses are arcane, known only to Allah and those who He inspires with such knowledge, some scholars have offered explanations for what these verses may denote. According to Fayrūzabādī in his Baṣāʾir Dhawī al-Tamyīz (Illuminations of the Insightful), the verse "حمۤ" is an abbreviation for two names of Rasūl-Allāh ﷺ. See: Fayrūzabādī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb. Baṣāʾir Dhawī Al-Tamyīz. Vol. 6. Cairo, Egypt: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1973. Page 13.
  37. ↑ (عسق) - [Sūrah al-Shūrā: Verse 2]
  38. ↑ See: Fayrūzabādī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb. Baṣāʾir Dhawī Al-Tamyīz. Vol. 6. Cairo, Egypt: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1973. Page 13.
  39. ↑ Qushayrī, Muslim b. Al-Ḥajjāj. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Edited by Nazr b. Muḥammad Fāriyābī. Cairo, Egypt: Dār Ṭībah, 2006. Kitāb al-Faḍāʾil. Page 1105. Ḥadīth 2354.
  40. ↑ Ibid.
  41. ↑ Ibid.
  42. ↑ Ibid. Page 1106. Ḥadīth 2355.
  43. ↑ Ibid.
  44. ↑ Ibid.
  45. ↑ Bustī, Muḥammad b. Ḥibbān. Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān: al-Musnad al-Ṣaḥīḥ ʿalā al-Taqāsīm Wa al-Anwāʿ. 1st ed. Vol. 7. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012. Page 777. Ḥadīth 7434.
  46. ↑ Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Damascus, Syria: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2002. Page 274. Ḥadīth 1130.
  47. ↑ Zarqānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī: ʿalā al-Mawāhib al-Ladunniyyah Bi al-Minaḥ al-Muḥammadiyyah Li al-ʿAllāmah al-Qasṭalānī. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah (DKI), 2012. Pages 243-244.
  48. ↑ Qasṭallānī says the 8th is the more likely birthdate. He attributes this opinion to most muḥaddithūn and historians 'who are knowledgeable in the field,' as well as Ibn ʿAbbās and Jubayr b. Muṭʿim. Zarqānī, Muḥammad. Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī. Pages 246-247.
  49. ↑ Ibn Kathīr says the 12th is the more accurate opinion. He cites a ḥadīth in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim to support his viewpoint in this regard, narrated by Ibn ʿAbbās. Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih. PDF. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Arnāʾūṭ, n.d. Pages 134-135
  50. ↑ For the academic discussion on Rasūl-Allāh's ﷺ date of birth, see here.
  51. ↑ Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih. Page 139.
  52. ↑ Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl B. Kathīr. Al-Bidāyah Wa al-Nihāyah. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād and Shuʿayb al-Arnāʾūt. Vol. 2. Qatar: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2010. Page 63.
  53. ↑ Al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman. The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet ﷺ. First Edition. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996. Page 59.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 “Seerat-e-Mustafa English by Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive. Accessed January 20, 2024. https://archive.org/details/seeratemustafa_202002.
  55. ↑ Qushayrī, Muslim b. Al-Ḥajjāj. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Kitāb al-Īmān. Page 87. Ḥadīth 261.
  56. ↑ Nadwi , Abul Hasan Ali, and Mohiuddin Ahmad. In Prophet of Mercy (Nabiyy-i Rahmat). London: Turath Publishing, 2014.
  57. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari 2262 Chapter 2: To shepherd sheep for Qirat, Book 37: Hiring https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2262
  58. ↑ “Seerat-e-Mustafa English by Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive. Accessed January 20, 2024. https://archive.org/details/seeratemustafa_202002.
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