Muḥammad ﷺ

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Full Name and Lineage

Full name: "Abū al-Qāsim" Muḥammad bin ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib ﷺ.

Full patrilineal lineage:

Muḥammad b. ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf b. Quṣayy b. Kilāb b. Murrah b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy b. Ghālib b. Fihr b. Mālik b. al-Naḍr b. Kinānah b. Khuzaymah b. Mudrikah b. Ilyās b. Muḍar b. Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān.[1]

Titles and Epithets

The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ is acknowledged by various titles and epithets. The following list provides a selection of some of these appellations.

  1. Muḥammad[2]
  2. Aḥmad[3]
  3. Nabī (Prophet)[4]
  4. Rasūl (Messenger)[5]
  5. Khātam al-Nabiyyīn (Seal of the Prophets)[6]
  6. al-Nabiyy al-Ummī (The Unlettered Prophet)[7]
  7. Shāhid, Mubashshir, Nadhīr (Witness, Herald of glad tidings, and Forewarner)[8]
  8. Shahīd (Witness; Testimony)[9]
  9. Bashīr (Bearer of good news)[10]
  10. Mundhir (Warner)[11]
  11. Hād (Guide)[12]
  12. Dāʿī ilā Allāh (Caller to Allah)[13]
  13. Sirāj Munīr (Illuminating Beacon)[14]
  14. ʿAbd (Servant)[15]
  15. Ṣāḥib (Friend; Companion)[16]
  16. Raḥmah li al-ʿĀlamīn (Mercy for the Worlds)[17]
  17. Muddaththir (Mantled)[18]
  18. Muzzammil (Enshrouded; Swathed in cloth)[19]
  19. Raʾūf & Raḥīm (Empathetic; Compassionate and Merciful)[20]
  20. Karīm (Noble)[21]
  21. Mudhakkir (Remembrancer)[22]
  22. Munādī (Harbinger)[23]
  23. Muslim (Submitter)[24]
  24. Sājid (One who prostrates)[25]
  25. Mujāhid (Crusader)[26]
  26. Mustaghfir (Seeker of Forgiveness)[27]
  27. ʿAbd-Allāh[28]
  28. Awwal (The First)[29]
  29. Bayyinah (Clear Proof)[30]
  30. Burhān (Apodictic Proof)[31]
  31. Rajul (Man)[32]
  32. Ṭāhā[33]
  33. Yā Sīn[34]
  34. Ḥamīd/Maḥmūd (Praiser and Praiseworthy)[35][36]
  35. ʿAzīz/Sayyid/Qādir (Mighty, Leader, Powerful)[37][38]
  36. al-Māḥī (The Effacer; Eradicator of Disbelief)[39]
  37. al-Ḥāshir (The Assembler)[40]
  38. al-ʿĀqib (The Final Prophet)[41]
  39. al-Muqaffā (Leader; Preeminently Followed)[42]
  40. Nabī al-Tawbah (The Prophet of Repentance)[43]
  41. Nabī al-Raḥmah (The Prophet of Mercy)[44]
  42. Nabī al-Malḥamah (The Prophet of the Battlefront)[45]
  43. Mutawakkil (The Trustful Prophet)[46]

Early Life

Birth

Main page: Incidents around the birth of the Prophet

Muḥaddithūn and Islamic historians unanimously agree that the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ was born in the Year of the Elephant, approximately fifty days after its eponymous incident.[47] His birth ﷺ is attributed to either the 8th or 12th day of Rabīʿ al-Awwal, the third month of the Islamic lunar calendar (April, 570 CE).[48][49][50]

The Prophet ﷺ was born to ʿAbd-Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and Āminah b. Wahb. His father, ʿAbd-Allāh, passed away a few months before his blessed birth,[51] and his mother passed away when he was six years old.[52] For most of these first six years, the Prophet ﷺ lived under the care of Ḥalīmah al-Saʿdiyyah ﵂, his foster mother, amidst the Banū Saʿd.[53]

We find: The mother of ‘Uthmān bin Abil-Aas ﵁, Fāṭimah binti ‘Abdillah says: “During the blessed birth of Rasulullah ﷺ, I was with his mother Āminah. I noticed the whole house radiating with nūr (brilliance), and I saw the stars stooping so low I thought they would come crashing down onto me.”[54]

The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ did not have the normal effects of after-birth or any form of dirt on his blessed body.[54]

Upbringing

Main page: Childhood of the Prophet

At around four years of age, the Prophet ﷺ was visited by the angel Jibrīl ﵇ (Gabriel), who wrestled him to the ground, split his chest, and removed a black sliver from his heart. Thereafter, the archangel washed his heart with Zamzam, placed it back in his chest cavity, and then resealed his chest.[55]

The entire paranormal event frightened Ḥalīmah ﵂, who returned the Prophet ﷺ to Āminah. Āminah would thereafter care for the Prophet ﷺ until her passing in either Abwāʾ, a small oasis in between Makkah and Madīnah, or in Makkah. The Prophet ﷺ was now, effectively, an orphan.

After this event an Abyssinian bondswoman, Umm Ayman Barakah, brought the Prophet ﷺ to his grandfather, ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib, in Makkah.[56]

The Prophet ﷺ was embraced by his grandfather, with whom he remained until eight years of age, when ʿAbd Al-Muṭṭalib passed away.

After his grandfather's passing, the Prophet ﷺ was adopted by his paternal uncle, Abū Ṭālib, who would care for him until he ﷺ was 50 years old.

Following this juncture, many muḥaddithīn and muʾarrikhīn (historians) mention the story of the Prophet's ﷺ first excursion to Syria, Damascus, or Rome with his uncle (reports vary) and his encounter with Baḥīrā (or Buḥayrā). The following is a summary of most variants of this story:

When the Prophet ﷺ was twelve years old, Abū Ṭālib took him to Syria with a trade caravan. There, they encountered the Christian monk Baḥīrā, who, based on certain miraculous elements, recognized the boy ﷺ as the final prophet foretold in the previous scriptures. Baḥīrā, who was generally reclusive and indifferent to caravans, held a feast for the caravan, during which he told Abū Ṭālib to remove the boy from the caravan and send him back to Makkah immediately. Otherwise, he told the chieftain and his nobles, the Jews in Syria and Damascus would try to assassinate the boy on account of his Ismāʿīlī heritage. In response, Abū Ṭālib sent the Prophet ﷺ back to Makkah with Abū Bakr ﵁.

He ﷺ would tend to the goats of the Quraysh, and Abū Hurayrah ﵁ narrates that the Prophet ﷺ said: "There was not a single messenger who did not graze sheep."[57]

Adulthood Before Attaining Prophet-hood

Second Journey to Syria

Main page: Second Journey to Syria

The Prophet ﷺ came to be known as al-ṣādiq (truthful) and al-amīn (trustworthy) among the Quraysh due to his excellent conduct. When the Prophet ﷺ was twenty five years old, Khadījah ﵂ was interested in having the Prophet ﷺ oversee her trade goods in a caravan departing to Syria. The Prophet ﷺ accepted the offer and he set off to Syria accompanied by Hadhrat Khadījah’s ﵂ slave, Maysarah. [58] At Busra the Prophet ﷺ sat underneath the shade of a tree. In the vicinity of this tree there lived a monk named Nastoora. He saw the Prophet ﷺ and approached him. Nastoora said “From ‘īsā bin Maryam ﵇ right up to this present moment, besides you no other prophet has sat beneath this tree” Following this he remarked to Maysarah “He (Rasūlullāh ﷺ) has this redness in his eyes.” Maysarah responded and revealed “Yes, this redness has never left his eyes.” Nastoora exclaimed “Yes, surely this is the Prophet. This is the final Messenger.” After this the Prophet ﷺ continued engaging in his trading activities.

The Battle of Badr

Main page: Battle of Badr

The first major battle of Islam.

  1. ↑ Kāndhalwī, Muḥammad Idrīs. Seeratul Mustafa (Abridged). Translated by Muhammad Kadwa and Mahomed Mahomedy. 2nd ed. Isipingo Beach, South Africa: Jamiatul Ulama (KZN), 2015. Page 1. For a longer, more detailed lineage, see here.
  2. ↑ (مُّحَمَّدࣱ رَّسُولُ ٱللَّهِۚ) - Sūrah al-Fatḥ: Verse 29
  3. ↑ (وَمُبَشِّرَۢا بِرَسُولࣲ یَأۡتِی مِنۢ بَعۡدِی ٱسۡمُهُۥۤ أَحۡمَدُۖ) - Sūrah al-Ṣaff: Verse 6
  4. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلنَّبِیُّ) - Sūrah al-Anfāl, Verse 64, among other locations
  5. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلرَّسُولُ) - Sūrah al-Māʾidah: Verse 41
  6. ↑ (وَخَاتَمَ ٱلنَّبِیِّـۧنَۗ) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 40
  7. ↑ (ٱلنَّبِیَّ ٱلۡأُمِّیَّ) - Sūrah al-Aʿrāf: Verse 157
  8. ↑ (شَـٰهِدࣰا وَمُبَشِّرࣰا وَنَذِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 45
  9. ↑ (عَلَىٰ هَـٰۤؤُلَاۤءِ شَهِیدࣰا) - Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 41
  10. ↑ (بَشِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 119
  11. ↑ (إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُنذِرࣱۖ) - Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 7
  12. ↑ (وَلِكُلِّ قَوۡمٍ هَادٍ) - Sūrah al-Raʿd: Verse 7
  13. ↑ (وَدَاعِیًا إِلَى ٱللَّهِ) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 46
  14. ↑ (وَسِرَاجࣰا مُّنِیرࣰا) - Sūrah al-Aḥzāb: Verse 46
  15. ↑ (وَإِن كُنتُمۡ فِی رَیۡبࣲ مِّمَّا نَزَّلۡنَا عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِنَا) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 23 (وَمَاۤ أَنزَلۡنَا عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِنَا) - Sūrah al-Anfāl: Verse 41 (أَسۡرَىٰ بِعَبۡدِهِۦ) - Sūrah al-Isrāʾ: Verse 1 (ٱلۡحَمۡدُ لِلَّهِ ٱلَّذِیۤ أَنزَلَ عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِهِ) - Sūrah al-Kahf: Verse 1
  16. ↑ (مَا ضَلَّ صَاحِبُكُمۡ) - Sūrah al-Najm: Verse 2
  17. ↑ (وَمَاۤ أَرۡسَلۡنَـٰكَ إِلَّا رَحۡمَةࣰ لِّلۡعَـٰلَمِینَ) - Sūrah al-Anbiyāʾ: Verse 107
  18. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُدَّثِّرُ) - Sūrah al-Muddaththir: Verse 1
  19. ↑ (یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلۡمُزَّمِّلُ) - Sūrah al-Muzzammil: Verse 1
  20. ↑ (رَءُوفࣱ رَّحِیمࣱ) - Sūrah al-Baqarah: Verse 143
  21. ↑ (رَسُولࣲ كَرِیمࣲ) - al-Ḥāqqah: Verse 40. The term “رَسُولࣱ كَرِیمٌ” also appears in Sūrah al-Dukhān: Verse 17, but in the context of Mūsā (عليه السلام).
  22. ↑ (فَذَكِّرۡ إِنَّمَاۤ أَنتَ مُذَكِّرࣱ) - Sūrah al-Ghāshiyah: Verse 21
  23. ↑ (رَّبَّنَاۤ إِنَّنَا سَمِعۡنَا مُنَادِیࣰا یُنَادِی لِلۡإِیمَـٰنِ) - Sūrah Āl ʿImrān: Verse 193
  24. ↑ (وَأُمِرۡتُ أَنۡ أَكُونَ مِنَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ) - Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 72
  25. ↑ (وَكُن مِّنَ ٱلسَّـٰجِدِینَ) - Sūrah al-Ḥijr: Verse 98
  26. ↑ (جَـٰهِدِ ٱلۡكُفَّارَ وَٱلۡمُنَـٰفِقِینَ) - Sūrah al-Tawbah: Verse 73; Sūrah al-Taḥrīm: Verse 9
  27. ↑ (وَٱسۡتَغۡفِرۡ لِذَنۢبِكَ) - Sūrah Muḥammad: Verse 19
  28. ↑ (وَأَنَّهُۥ لَمَّا قَامَ عَبۡدُ ٱللَّهِ یَدۡعُوهُ كَادُوا۟ یَكُونُونَ عَلَیۡهِ لِبَدࣰا) - Sūrah al-Jinn: Verse 19
  29. ↑ (وَأُمِرۡتُ لِأَنۡ أَكُونَ أَوَّلَ ٱلۡمُسۡلِمِینَ) - Sūrah al-Zumar: Verse 12
  30. ↑ (حَتَّىٰ تَأۡتِیَهُمُ ٱلۡبَیِّنَةُ) - Sūrah al-Bayyinah: Verse 1
  31. ↑ (قَدۡ جَاۤءَكُم بُرۡهَـٰنࣱ) - Sūrah al-Nisāʾ: Verse 174
  32. ↑ (أَوۡحَیۡنَاۤ إِلَىٰ رَجُلࣲ مِّنۡهُمۡ) - Sūrah Yūnus: Verse 2
  33. ↑ (طه) - Sūrah Ṭāhā: Verse 1
  34. ↑ (یسۤ) - Sūrah Yā Sīn: Verse 1
  35. ↑ (حم) - Sūrah al-Ghāfir, al-Sajdah, al-Shūrā, al-Zukhruf, al-Dukhān, al-Jāthiyah, and al-Aḥqāf
  36. ↑ While such verses are arcane, known only to Allah and those who He inspires with such knowledge, some scholars have offered explanations for what these verses may denote. According to Fayrūzabādī in his Baṣāʾir Dhawī al-Tamyīz (Illuminations of the Insightful), the verse "حمۤ" is an abbreviation for two names of Rasūl-Allāh ﷺ. See: Fayrūzabādī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb. Baṣāʾir Dhawī Al-Tamyīz. Vol. 6. Cairo, Egypt: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1973. Page 13.
  37. ↑ (عسق) - [Sūrah al-Shūrā: Verse 2]
  38. ↑ See: Fayrūzabādī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb. Baṣāʾir Dhawī Al-Tamyīz. Vol. 6. Cairo, Egypt: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1973. Page 13.
  39. ↑ Qushayrī, Muslim b. Al-Ḥajjāj. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Edited by Nazr b. Muḥammad Fāriyābī. Cairo, Egypt: Dār Ṭībah, 2006. Kitāb al-Faḍāʾil. Page 1105. Ḥadīth 2354.
  40. ↑ Ibid.
  41. ↑ Ibid.
  42. ↑ Ibid. Page 1106. Ḥadīth 2355.
  43. ↑ Ibid.
  44. ↑ Ibid.
  45. ↑ Bustī, Muḥammad b. Ḥibbān. Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān: al-Musnad al-Ṣaḥīḥ ʿalā al-Taqāsīm Wa al-Anwāʿ. 1st ed. Vol. 7. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012. Page 777. Ḥadīth 7434.
  46. ↑ Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Damascus, Syria: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2002. Page 274. Ḥadīth 1130.
  47. ↑ Zarqānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī: ʿalā al-Mawāhib al-Ladunniyyah Bi al-Minaḥ al-Muḥammadiyyah Li al-ʿAllāmah al-Qasṭalānī. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah (DKI), 2012. Pages 243-244.
  48. ↑ Qasṭallānī says the 8th is the more likely birthdate. He attributes this opinion to most muḥaddithūn and historians 'who are knowledgeable in the field,' as well as Ibn ʿAbbās and Jubayr b. Muṭʿim. Zarqānī, Muḥammad. Sharḥ Al-ʿAllāmah al-Zarqānī. Pages 246-247.
  49. ↑ Ibn Kathīr says the 12th is the more accurate opinion. He cites a ḥadīth in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim to support his viewpoint in this regard, narrated by Ibn ʿAbbās. Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih. PDF. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Arnāʾūṭ, n.d. Pages 134-135
  50. ↑ For the academic discussion on Rasūl-Allāh's ﷺ date of birth, see here.
  51. ↑ Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. Dhikr Mawlid Al-Nabī Wa Raḍāʿih. Page 139.
  52. ↑ Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl B. Kathīr. Al-Bidāyah Wa al-Nihāyah. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād and Shuʿayb al-Arnāʾūt. Vol. 2. Qatar: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2010. Page 63.
  53. ↑ Al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman. The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet ﷺ. First Edition. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996. Page 59.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 “Seerat-e-Mustafa English by Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive. Accessed January 20, 2024. https://archive.org/details/seeratemustafa_202002.
  55. ↑ Qushayrī, Muslim b. Al-Ḥajjāj. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Kitāb al-Īmān. Page 87. Ḥadīth 261.
  56. ↑ Nadwi , Abul Hasan Ali, and Mohiuddin Ahmad. In Prophet of Mercy (Nabiyy-i Rahmat). London: Turath Publishing, 2014.
  57. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari 2262 Chapter 2: To shepherd sheep for Qirat, Book 37: Hiring https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2262
  58. ↑ “Seerat-e-Mustafa English by Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Shaykh Muhammad Idrees Kandahlawi : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive. Accessed January 20, 2024. https://archive.org/details/seeratemustafa_202002.
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